일본점령기 베이징의 경관 담론과 공간 정치화(1937~1941) = Landscape discourse and spatial politicization of Beijing during Japanese occupation(1937~1941)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Beijing during the Japanese occupation, starting with the transitional puppet government, the Beiping Provincial Maintenance Association, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, and the Huabei Political Affairs Committee under Wang Jingwei's Government of the Republic of China were established one after the other. While frequent replacements were made in a short period of time, the North Chinese regional army having actual control, policy implementation was relatively steady. In December 1937, the ‘New People's Association(新民會)’ was organized under the leadership of the North China Regional Army Special Task Force. Having a front-to-back relationship with the puppet government, it focused on propagating its political ideology, ‘New People's Principles(新民主義)’. The International Tourism Bureau, Japan's exclusive tourism organization, had a political need to respond to the appeal of ‘Great East Asia(興亞)’. In addition, there was also a realistic need to recover the sharply reduced tourism income, by improving the international public opinion on Japan, which had rapidly deteriorated after the Sino-Japanese War. As a result of actively participating in the creation of ‘Pan-Asianism(아시아주의)’, the Tourism Department was established in the Beijing Special Administrative Office in 1938. In addition, the expansion and reproduction of the landscape discourse was carried out by many means such as entertaining tourists or publishing guidebooks.
This paper seeks the origin of ‘New People's Principles’ in Asian discourse that originated in Japan. It also assesses how the Beijing landscape reflects Japanese notion regarding China as cultural and political companion. In the process, the puppet government produced a ‘Capital Discourse’, giving Beijing a special position by serving the center of Asian culture as the capital. The puppet government thought that tourism, which promotes its culture and morals, should also begin in the capital city of Beijing, and the International Tourism Organization agreed. In this recognition, it was necessary to spread the discourse that Japan has a mission to protect and manage scenic spots, which are cultural products of China. As a result, Japan decided to implement the ‘Old Capital Historical Sites Preservation Plan’. The historical landscape was then used strategically for Beijing's domination. Traces of reproduction of discourse can be found from the introduction of these scenic spots and tour courses published in guidebooks issued by the Tourism Division or other Japanese government agencies between 1938 and 1941.
As the Japanese occupation period was prolonged, the Japanese population residing in Beijing also increased rapidly. Japan's perception of Beijing also showed a change from the ancient capital, once the historical and cultural center, becominng the living base of the Japanese Loyal subject being modernized by Japan. The puppet government attempted to weaken the cultural identity of the Chinese while reflecting the interests of the Japanese settlers, while at the same time planning to build a stronghold in Beijing's domination strategy, i.e., ‘Great East Asia’. As a result, Japanese landscape was gradually transplanted to Beijing. This paper examines cherry blossoms being moved to WanShouShan and Japanese shrines being moved to the former park site as examples. By creating a discourse of friendship, Japan tried to hide their expansive ambition behind the landscape transplantation of ‘Great East Asia’. Here, newspaper articles, guidebooks, and tourism are strategically used as a means of discourse reproduction.

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