In recent decades, organic semiconductors (OSCs), which are lightweight, flexible, and have low processing costs, have enabled significant progress in terms of efficiency in the field of organic electronics [e.g., as active materials in organic photov...
In recent decades, organic semiconductors (OSCs), which are lightweight, flexible, and have low processing costs, have enabled significant progress in terms of efficiency in the field of organic electronics [e.g., as active materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), hole-transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and semiconducting materials in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs)]. However, most OSCs are currently being processed in halogenated toxic solvents, which creates conditions that are hazardous to the human body and the environment. Accordingly, for large-area fabrication and commercialization, OSCs must be developed to show high solubility in environmentally friendly and non-harmful solvents as well as high performance. Accordingly, environmentally benign solvents and potential approaches for increasing solubility of OSCs in relation to Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) and molecular design need to be developed. Especially, semiconducting polymers (SCPs), which possess intrinsically superior charge mobility and stability, need to be developed in aspect of molecular design for advanced OSCs possessing additional functions, sustaining green-solvent processability, and superior efficiency. I believe that these efforts toward an environmentally benign process will contribute to the development and commercialization of organic electronics and suggest future directions for OSC research in relation to industry, the environment, and human life.
Chapter 3 and 4 treat approach of SCPs with a hydrophilic side chain for high solubility by increasing polarity.
In Chapter 3, I synthesized a novel polymeric HTM (PTEG) by controlling the solubility using a tetraethylene glycol (TEG) group. The TEG groups exhibited a good solubility in common organic solvents and good contact with perovskite due to increasing polarity. Since the dipole-dipole interaction is stronger than van der waals interaction, sufficient solubility with solvents can be obtained by overcoming strong π- π interaction of polymer backbones. Additionally, with respect to a PSC that employs synthesized polymers, The PTEG exhibited the superior efficiency (19.8%). The highest efficiency is attributed to a deep HOMO energy level and good contact between perovskite and PTEG.
In Chapter 4, I reported a novel donor-acceptor type polymer, Alkoxy-PTEG, composed of benzo[1,2-b:4,5:b′]dithiophene (BDT) with alkoxy chain and tetraethylene glycol (TEG)-substituted 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT). The Alkoxy-PTEG exhibits high solubility even in non-aromatic solvents, such as 3-methylcyclohexanone (3-MC), and can prevent possible lead leakage via chelation. The optical and electronic properties of Alkoxy-PTEG are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, a dopant-free Alkoxy-PTEG device processed with 3-MC exhibits 19.9 %, and the device with 2-methyl anisole (2-MA) which is a reported aromatic food additive exhibits 21.2% efficiency in the tin oxide planar structure. The PSC device showed 88% stability after 30 days at ambient conditions (40–50% relative humidity and room temperature). In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance reveals that TEG groups can chelate lead ions with the moderate strength (Kbinding = 2.76), and this strength is considered to be non-destructive to the perovsktie lattice to prevent lead leakage. This is the first report to consider lead leakage and provide solutions to inhibit this problem.
Chapter 5, 6, and 7 treat approach of SCPs with asymmetric structure for high solubility by reducing aggregation.
In Chapter 5, I reported a green-solvent-processable, polymeric HTM comprising benzothiadiazole (BT) and benzo[1,2-b:4,5:b′]dithiophene (BDT) (asy-PBTBDT). To improve solubility, I adopt asymmetric alkyl substituents on BT units in place of the conventional symmetric alkyl substituent (PBTBDT) to produce irregularity within a repeating unit of the polymeric (asy-PBTBDT) HTM. The resulting novel polymeric HTM is not only soluble in the various halogenated or harmful solvents mentioned above but also highly soluble in 2-MA (ca. 20 mg/ml), which is used as a food additive. This makes it possible to produce highly stable devices with 18.3% and 20.0% without and with the dopants under green-solvent process.
In Chapter 6, I demonstrated the effects of the molecular weight (MW) of a green-solvent processable semiconducting polymer (asy-PBTBDT) with asymmetric structure on its photovoltaic performance and device thermal stability in green processed devices. Since there is no issue on lateral crystallization due to amorphous property of asymmetric structure, intrinsic performance and thermal stability can be studied. The asy-PBTBDT with the high MW (132 kDa) had the highest μh values (4.91 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 without dopants and 5.77 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 with dopants) as a result of increasing π-π stacking along with MW compared to low-MW asy-PBTBDTs (27 and 8 kDa). The high-MW asy-PBTBDT with high μh achieved the best power conversion efficiencies of 18.2% and 20.0% for the undoped and doped states in PerSCs, respectively, and of 5.7% in PSCs in green processed devices. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature increased with an increase in MW, thus indicating the effective decrease in heat-induced morphological degradation in the photovoltaic devices. In addition, increasing chain density along with MW led to good robustness against humidity and oxygen.
In Chapter 7, I synthesized a UV-crosslinkable and green-solvent processable semiconducting polymer (P2FBTT-Br) via asymmetric structure. The synthesized P2FBTT-Br can be crosslinked by UV irradiation for 150 s and dissolved in 2-methylanisole due to its asymmetric structure. In OPV performance and burn-in loss tests performed at 75 °C or AM 1.5G sun illumination for 90 h, UV-crosslinked devices with PC71BM show 9.2% of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and better stability against burn-in loss than pristine devices. The frozen morphology resulting from the crosslinking prevents lateral crystallization and aggregation related to morphological degradation. When IEICO-4F is introduced in place of a fullerene-based acceptor, the burn-in loss due to thermal aging and light soaking is dramatically suppressed because of the frozen morphology and high miscibility of the nonfullerene acceptor (18.7% --> 90.8% after 90 h at 75°C and 37.9% --> 77.5% after 90 h at AM 1.5G). The resulting crosslinked device shows 9.4% of PCE (9.8% in chlorobenzene), which is the highest value reported to date for crosslinked active materials, in the first green processing approach.
In summary, I designed and synthesized semiconducting polymers for green-solvent process during and application in advanced organic electronics during my Ph.D. course. The results present novel green-solvent approaches and world-record values in terms of organic electronics, respectively, overcoming the widely-known knowledge and limitations. Therefore, I guarantee that my research results indicate future direction for a good design strategy and inspiration for advanced organic electronics, leading academically interests and commercialization on the research field.