The circle of God : an archaeological and historical search for the nature of the sacred : a study of continuity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Part One : The Circle as a Symbol
• Chapter One : The Nature of Symbolism = 1.1
• The definition of a symbol = 1.1
• Methodology, meaning and verification = 1.2
• Cognitive archaeology : a new approach to symbolism = 1.4
• The symbolism of myth, religion and the otherworld = 1.5
• Chapter Two : Symbolism in the Greco - Roman World = 2.1
• Greek and Latin terms for the symbol = 2.1
• Greek and Roman pagan and early Christian views on symbolism = 2.1
• Invoking the gods : sympatheia and talismans = 2.6
• The use of iconography to explore the talismanic function of buildings = 2.9
• Prophecy and divination = 2.10
• Astrology = 2.12
• Illustrations = 2.18
• Chapter Three : Imaging the Gods = 3.1
• Greco - Roman myth and religion = 3.1
• Cosmic piety = 3.3
• Part Two : The Sun as a Universal Symbol
• Chapter Four : Solar Symbols in the Middle East = 4.1
• The power of the Sun = 4.1
• The Sun in Babylon and Assyria = 4.3
• The Sun in Egypt = 4.4
• Illustrations : Images = 4.8
• Chapter Five : Solar Symbols in Megalithic Europe = 5.1
• The circle = 5.1
• Spirals = 5.4
• Circles = 5.5
• Sun - discs and solar crosses. Pyramidal and wedge - shaped sun triangles = 5.5
• Rhomboid or lozenge and zig - zag motifs = 5.6
• Swastikas, solar whorls, meander patterns and gold cones = 5.6
• Illustrations : Images = 5.8
• Chapter Six : The Sun and the Celts = 6.1
• Wheels and swastikas = 6.1
• Stags = 6.2
• Water - birds = 6.3
• Bulls = 6.3
• Lions = 6.4
• Horses = 6.5
• Gold = 6.6
• Amber and Faience = 6.6
• Illustrations : Images = 6.7
• Chapter Seven : Sun - symbols in Mycenae and Crete = 7.1
• Mycenaean circle and cross symbolism = 7.1
• Minoan crosses and swastikas at Knossos = 7.1
• The solar labyrinth, the Cretan labyrinth and the Minotaur = 7.2
• The Mycenean megaron (royal palace) and circular hearths = 7.3
• The royal cemetery of Mycenae : grave and tomb circles = 7.4
• Illustrations : Images = 7.5
• Chapter Eight : The Greco - Roman Sun = 8.1
• Helios, the Greek Sun = 8.1
• Sol, the Roman Sun = 8.2
• Illustrations : Images = 8.6
• Chapter Nine : The Celestial Sphere = 9.1
• The celestial globe on a pillar = 9.2
• The Roman terrestrial sphere as a symbol of power = 9.4
• Illustrations : Images = 9.5
• Chapter Ten : The Advent of Apollo = 10.1
• The attributes of Apollo = 10.1
• Apollo and the solar wheel = 10.4
• Apollo and the omphalos = 10.6
• Paterae or omphalos bowls = 10.7
• Apollo's tripod and cauldron = 10.8
• Orpheus and the solar circle = 10.9
• Illustrations : Images = 10.11
• Chapter Eleven : Circularity and Centrality in Greek Thought = 11.1
• The circle and the philosophers = 11.1
• Centrality = 11.3
• The soul : circulation and circularity = 11.6
• Circumambulation and dance = 11.8
• Illustrations : Images = 11.12
• Chapter Twelve : The Celestial Axis = 12.1
• Sacred trees = 12.1
• Common Date Palm, Phoenix dactylifera = 12.2
• Aygeius pillars and the celestial pathway = 12.2
• Free - standing cosmic pillars columns, cones and Jupiter Columns = 12.4
• Illustrations : Images = 12.6
• Part Three : Neolithic and Bronze Age Circular Structures
• Chapter Thirteen : The Neolithic／Bronze Age Circular World-View = 13.1
• The "sky prop" in the Bronze Age = 13.1
• Circularity and centrality at Yeavering = 13.2
• The solar core of Silbury Hill, Neolithic Circular Cosmic Structures and Landscapes = 13.4
• Illustrations : Images = 13.7
• Chapter Fourteen : Stonehenge, Henges and Round Barrows = 14.1
• Circles in the ritual landscape = 14.1
• Stonehenge, PhaseⅠ : the Aubrey Holes = 14.2
• Chapter Fourteen : Stonehenge, Henges and Round Barrows(continued)
• Stonehenge, PhaseⅢbluestones and sarsen stones = 14.3
• Station Stones = 14.3
• The Cursus = 14.4
• Axeheads = 14.5
• Bones = 14.5
• The mythic Stonehenge = 14.6
• The circle of Avebury = 14.8
• Timber circles and the great tree henges = 14.8
• Bronze Age round houses and the central hearth = 14.11
• British concentric burials in the Bronze and Iron Age = 14.14
• Illustrations : Images = 14.15
• Part Four : An Introduction to Greco - Roman Circular Structures
• Chapter Fifteen : Round Altars, Mundus／Offering Pits and Heröons = 15.1
• Greek round altars = 15.1
• Circular altars at the Apollonian centres of Didyma and Miletus = 15.2
• Roman round altars = 15.3
• Circular offering pits : the bothros, mundus and sacrariwn = 15.4
• The bothros = 15.4
• The mundus = 15.5
• Hero cults and heroons = 15.6
• Illustrations : Images = 15.9
• Chapter Sixteen : Ancient Circular Town Planning = 16.1
• Auguring the templum = 16.2
• The pomerium = 16.3
• The qundrata = 16.5
• Sacred alignments in Rome, a hypothesis : (1) cardo modulus = 16.6
• (2) The decumanus = 16.7
• Alignments to the Circus Maximus = 16.7
• Celtic centrality and circular town planning = 16.8
• Illustrations : Images = 16.12
• Chapter Seventeen : The Tholus = 17.1
• The classification of tholi = 17.1
• Archaeological survival and locations = 17.3
• The archaic antecedents of tholi = 17.5
• The Athenian tholus rotunda = 17.6
• The Epidauros tholus : so called Labyrinth? = 17.8
• The Epidauros tholus floor = 17.10
• The Arsinoeion tholus rotunda at Samothrace : sanctuary of the Great Gods = 17.10
• Tholi and tholus complexes at Pella, Thebes, Stymphalus and Kepoi = 17.12
• Tholi in the marketplace = 17.12
• Tholi in sacro - idyllic landscapes = 17.14
• Tholus - like towers and sacred high places = 17.16
• Tholus acanthus decoration and the Corinthian capital = 17.18
• Illustrations : Images = 17.21
• Chapter Eighteen : The Symbolic Meaning of Tholi = 18.1
• Apollo and tholi = 18.2
• Chapter Eighteen : The Symbolic Meaning of Tholi(continued)
• Circular structures at Gallo Roman and Romano British water - shrines = 18.5
• Illustrations : Images = 18.7
• Part Five : Circularity at Rome
• Chapter Nineteen : The Roman Circus = 19.1
• Sol at the Circus = 19.3
• Apollo Caelispex at the Circus = 19.4
• The Hippodrome or Circus Gardens = 19.4
• Cybele at the Circus = 19.5
• The spina and the euripus : a symbolic water course and centre for the Sun = 19.6
• Consus at the Circus = 19.7
• The Circus obelisk : a solar spire = 19.7
• Tholi at the Circus = 19.8
• The symbolism of the Circus = 19.9
• Appendix to Chapter Nineteen : (a) Solar deities at the Circus Maximus = 19.10
• Altars and statues on the spina = 19.11
• (b) Temples, shrines and altars at the Circus Flaminius = 19.12
• Illustrations : Images = 19.14
• Chapter Twenty : The Roman Theatre = 20.1
• Origins in Greece = 20.1
• Late Republican and early Imperial temple sanctuaries with theatres = 20.1
• Imperial theatres with temples = 20.3
• The cosmic architecture of Vitruvius = 20.3
• Illustrations : Images = 20.4
• Chapter Twenty - One : Circularity in the Forum Romanuun = 21.1
• The mundus = 21.1
• The Bidental (puteal Libononis or Scribonianum) = 21.1
• The Lapis Niger (Black Stone) = 21.1
• The Lacus Curtius (Pool of Curtius) = 21.2
• The Career = 21.2
• The Umbilicus Romae = 21.2
• The hemicylium of the Rostra (Orator's Platform) = 21.2
• The Comitium = 21.3
• The Maenia column = 21.3
• The shrine of Cloacina = 21.4
• The Regia ("Royal Palace") = 21.4
• Aedes Julius Divus (temple of the Deified Julius Caesar - Julius the God) = 21.4
• Temple of Aedes Vesta = 21.4
• The temple of Divus Romulus = 21.5
• Illustrations : Images = 21.6
• Part Six : Rome and the New Architecture
• Chapter Twenty - Two : The Dome in Roman Monumental Architecture = 22.1
• The "indispensable curve" = 22.1
• The baldachin as a "dome of heaven" = 22.2
• Hadrian's melon／umbrella domes = 22.4
• The symbolism of the dome = 22.4
• Chapter Twenty - Two : The Dome in Roman Monumental Architecture(continued)
• Floor mosaics as mirrors of dome ceiling imagery = 22.7
• Thermae : Roman Imperial Public Baths = 22.8
• Varro's "aviry" = 22.9
• Illustrations : Image = 22.10
• Chapter Twenty - Three : Arches, Vaults and Sacred Gateways = 23.1
• The "supreme arch of the heavens" : Greek and Etruscan origin = 23.1
• Sacred Town Gates／Walls and the Triumphal arch : gateways between two worlds = 23.2
• The triumphal arch gateway of Perge = 23.4
• Illustrations : Images = 23.5
• Chapter Twenty - Four : Apses and Hemicycles = 24.1
• The Greek, origins of the apse = 24.1
• Roman apse's, exedrae and semi - circular benches = 24.3
• Apses at the' Domus Flavia = 24.5
• Hemicycles = 24.6
• The Septizonium : a planetary façade = 24.7
• Illustrations : Images = 24.8
• Chapter Twenty - Five : Circularity in Sacred Palaces = 25.1
• The Domus Aurea : Nero's Royal Sacred Palace of the Sun = 25.1
• Diocletian's palace at Spalato(Split) = 25.3
• The palace of Maximianus = 25.3
• The Herodium of Herod the Great = 25.4
• Nimrud Dagh = 25.6
• Illustrations : Images = 25.6
• Chapter Twenty - Six : Circularity at Roman Military Sites = 26.1
• Tropaea (victory monuments) = 26.1
• The great circular Rhine monument at Augst = 26.1
• Arthur's O'on : a tropaeum on Hadrian's wall = 26.2
• Circular structures inside Roman forts : "The Lunt" at Baginton = 26.2
• The elliptical building at Deva Legionary Fortress = 26.4
• Illustrations : Images = 26.5
• Part Seven : Roman Celestial Iconography
• Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Apollonian Solar Family at Rome = 27.1
• Venus = 27.1
• Diana (Luna) = 27.3
• Asclepius and Hygiena = 27.4
• Cybele = 27.6
• Dionysus = 27.7
• Fortuna = 27.8
• Hercules = 27.11
• Mercury (Hermes) = 27.15
• Mithras = 27.16
• Neptune = 27.19
• Orpheus = 27.20
• Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Apollonian Solar Family at Rome(continued)
• Illustrations : Images = 27.23
• Chapter Twenty - Eight : The Circle of the Zodiac = 28.1
• The origins of the Greco - Roman zodiac = 28.2
• The decans = 28.4
• The zodiacal calendar = 28.5
• The zodiacal ring as a symbol of divinity = 28.6
• The "altar" of Gabii = 28.11
• Illustrations : Images = 28.13
• Part Eight : The Cosmic Master - Builders
• Chapter Twenty - Nine : Augustus and the Sun - god = 29.1
• The Apollonian propagandist = 29.1
• The Capricorn and its meaning = 29.4
• Astrological symbolism in Augustan temples : the temple of Mars Ultor = 29.6
• The temple of Concordia = 29.8
• Augustus and the Circus Maximus = 29.9
• Augustus, Jupiter and Apollo = 29.10
• Illustrations : Images = 29.11
• Chapter Thirty : Augustus' Circular Mausoleum = 30.1
• The Augustan tradition of rotunda tombs = 30.3
• Illustrations : Images = 30.4
• Chapter Thirty - One : Apollo Palatinus and other Augustan Structures = 31.1
• The Palatine temple of Apollo and Augustus' residence = 31.1
• Augustus' temple of Vesta on the Palatine = 31.2
• The temple of Apollo Medicus (Apollo in Circo) = 31.3
• The Diaeta Apollonis of Gaius Maecenas = 31.3
• Circle and square symbolism at Pompeii in the Augustan Age = 31.4
• The "Meta Sudans" and the Augustan Regions of Rome = 31.5
• The Horologium and the Ara Pacis = 31.7
• Colonia Augusta Raurica = 31.8
• Illustrations : Images = 31.9
• Chapter Thirty - Two : Agrippa's Pantheon = 32.1
• The circular sacred court = 32.1
• Illustrations : Images = 32.4
• Chapter Thirty - Three : Hadrian's Celestial Pantheon = 33.1
• The dome = 33.2
• Circles and squares on the Pantheon floor and walls = 33.3
• Pantheon simulations in antiquity = 33.4
• Hadrian's philosophical inclinations = 33.5
• Illustrations : Images = 33.7
• Chapter Thirty - Four : Hadrian's Circles and Squares = 34.1
• Hadrian's mausoleum = 34.2
• The structures at Hadrian's Palace／villa at Tivoli = 34.3
• Basilica Ulpia Rome = 34.11
• The temple of Venus and Rome = 34.12
• The insula of Jason Magnus at Cyrene = 34.13
• Further examples of circle and square mosaic floors = 34.15
• Hadrian's hunting tondi and the death of Antinous = 34.15
• Illustrations : Images = 34.16
• Part Nine : Circular Symbolism in Roman Life
• Chapter Thirty - Five : Circles of Death and the Afterlife = 35.1
• The Etruscan antecedents = 35.1
• Circular iconography in Roman and early Christian monuments = 35.1
• Early Christian catacombs = 35.3
• The circulus lacteus and the road of the dead = 35.5
• Illustrations : Images = 35.5
• Chapter Thirty - Six : Solar Discs and Sacred Sun - cakes = 36.1
• Military solar discs = 36.3
• The discus and the Panhellenic Olympic Games = 36.4
• Solar discs and temple pediments = 36.4
• Oscilla Sacred discs = 36.5
• Unexplained discs = 36.5
• Illustrations : Images = 36.6
• Chapter Thirty - Seven : The Rosette = 37.1
• The rosette in Mesopotamia and Assyria = 37.1
• Minoan and Mycenean rosettes = 37.1
• Greek rosettes = 37.1
• Etruscan rosettes = 37.3
• Roman rosettes = 37.3
• Rosettes, catasterism and the road to the stars = 37.4
• Christian rosettes = 37.5
• The meaning of the rosette = 37.5
• Illustrations : Images = 37.6
• Chapter Thirty - Eight : Solar Headwear, star, zodiac＆rosette garments = 38.1
• The radiate crown = 38.1
• The nimbus = 38.1
• Leafed coronae (crowns or chaplets) and circular wreaths = 38.3
• Acquiring the Sun's protection = 38.4
• Chapter Thirty - Eight : Solar Headwear, star, zodiac＆rosette garments(continued)
• Protective Sun - symbols on brooches = 38.6
• Circular headdresses and solar protection = 38.7
• Star, zodiac, rosette, covered garments and solar headwear = 38.8
• Parasols and umbrellas = 38.10
• The tonsure = 38.10
• Illustrations : Images = 38.11
• Chapter Thirty - Nine : Cosmic and Celestial Shields = 39.1
• The clipeus = 39.1
• Raising the solar shield = 39.2
• Illustrations : Images = 39.4
• Part Ten : The Solar World of Christianity
• Chapter Forty : Pagan Monotheism and Early Christianity = 40.1
• The One God = 40.1
• The solarisation of Jesus = 40.5
• The Mithraic contribution = 40.7
• Illustrations : Images = 40.14
• Chapter Forty - One : Constantine the Great and the Triumph of Apollo = 41.1
• The chi rho and the solar cross = 41.1
• Constantinople and Rome = 41.5
• Converting the Empire = 41.6
• Illustrations : Images = 41.9
• Chapter Forty - Two : The Solar Cycle and the Christian Year = 42.1
• The solstices and the equinoxes = 42.1
• The vernal equinox = 42.2
• The winter solstice = 42.3
• The autumnal equinox and St. Michael the Archangel = 42.5
• The summer solstice = 42.6
• Celtic mid - quarter fire - festivals and the Christian calendar = 42.7
• Illustrations : Images = 42.10
• Chapter Forty - Three : Circular Symbolism in Early Christian Structures = 43.1
• Early circular churches = 43.1
• Baptisteries = 43.3
• Martyria = 43.4
• Musolea = 43.4
• Polygonal chapter - houses = 43.5
• Churches built on ancient British and Irish circular sites = 43.6
• Circular church iconography : Paradise Gardens, centralised buildings = 43.10
• The Sun in the church = 43.12
• The rose window and the Wheel of Fortune = 43.14
• Medieval figurative roundels with cosmic／astrological designs = 43.16
• Labyrinths = 43.17
• Chapter Forty - Three : Circular Symbolism in Early Christian Structures(continued)
• Illustrations : Images = 43.31
• Chapter Forty - Four : The Cross = 44.1
• Early crosses in Dark Age Britain and Ireland = 44.1
• Late Christian solar crosses = 44.2
• Types of crosses (1) Equal armed cross = 44.3
• Christian Solar Inculturation = 44.10
• Illustrations : Images = 44.11
• Chapter Forty - Five : The Unconquered Sun = 45.1
• Solar heresy within Christianity : the Irish Celtic Church = 45.1
• Irish round towers = 45.3
• The sacred yew tree = 45.6
• The Albigensians = 45.7
• Greco - Roman circularity, early Islamic symbols and the Mandala : a note = 45.9
• Illustrations : Images = 45.10
• 46. Conclusion = 46.1 - 46.3
• 47. Index (with authors) = 47.1 - 47.59
• 48. Index Illustration Subject (Caption) = 48.1 - 48.12
• 49. Illustration : Sources = 49.1 - 49.18
• 50. Bibliography = 50.1 - 50.34
• 51. Glossary of Latin＆Greek Terms = 51.1 - 51.12