經濟體制改革과 女性의 經濟活動參加 = Economic System Reform and Women's Economic Activity Participation in China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chinese women, generally in Confucian society, could not freely choose their spouses and could not be independent economicaly of their husbands because they could not get a job until the Chinese Revolution in 1949. Since the first 5years Economic plan of 1949, China has enlarged its economy in scale and established the industrual stucture which might guarantee the women's economic activity participation, the women employment has been popular and important to Chinese economy. China began reform policy reached pinnacle in 1984. China had maintained the state of full employment without the unemployed until 1979, because everyone who looked for a job could find it with a policy of full employment. Under this fixed manpower arrangement system, which led to excessive employment, workers were paid through time rate.
Althogh 100 workers were just enough for the production faciliies, the fixed arrangement system placed more than 100 workers to maintain the full employment. Then workers of some plants worked 3 or 4 hours per day, below the average working hours. Also some plants maintained the worned-out facilities which should have been replaced. As the fixed arranement system was enforced well, even ignoring the productivity, equalities beteen sexes in working place could be achieved.
The reform of economic system made it possible to dispose the worned-out facilities and decrease excessive employment to increase the effciency of production. In 1986, China changed the employment policy from the fixed arrangement system, which did not allow workers to transfer, to the contract engagement system. Thus workers could transfer to the other plant and could be fired by the plant managers. Wage system was also changed from the time-rate basa to the mixed base, which coordinates time-rate and outcome-rate system to establish the principle of distribution based on worker's ability.
Before the employment and wage system were changed, most of the urban women could be employed. Because sexual equalites were adcieved and the policies of lower wage and higher employment rate were carried on. Women could be treated equally with men in wage system, working condition and job securities.
After the economic system reform, China accepted the concepet of competition, which introduced the cintract employment system and the production responsibility system of contract job. Even though women employment rate decreased and women were treated with discrimination. During the economic system reform, some problems have arisen in the employment of female woekers. First, women workers were abvoided from going to because of the loss of productivity due to maternity leave and child care, and the higer cost for women welfare facilities. Second, women workers were excluded in the demanded reorientation process of labor forces.
In order to avoid sexual discrimination toward women workers, five suggestions will be presented. First, women workers should increase adaptiblity and flexibility in working place by the imlprovement of skill and the development of ability. Thus women workers are able to increase the competitive consciousness through the enhancement of self-confidence, self-esteem and self-reliance. Next, government should guarantee the fair employment opportunity by legalization. There is yet and law, stipulating the sexual equality in empolyment, while the Chinese constitution broadly provides it. Third, the flexble employment system should be adopted so that women workers may choose their jobs on the basis of their abilities and aptitudes. Fourth, the trend of looking down on women in the needed reorientation process of labor forces should be uprooted. Last, goverment should decrease the costs of company through enlarging the social compensating and strengthening the social security system for the child birth.
Mao tse-tung established sexual equality under his orthodox model of socialistic model which resulted the low productivity. But Deng Xiaoping's reform-minded economic model could increase productivity on the basis of the efficiency principle of marketoriented economy, but it caused the sexual discrimination as a side effect. The controversial point is that women workers continue to go to work under Deng's model or wait for a new economic model to insure the sexual equality in Chinese society with harmony between socialism and Confucianism.
Many women groups concluded that the women liberation should proceed with the level of social productivity, therefore the goal of women liberation is to be subjected to the current level of social productivity. Accordingly, it can be interpreted that Chinese women have to undergo existing sexual inequality somehow in the current stage of Chinese economic development in order to improve productivity which is a precondition for the liberation of women.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論 - 中國革命과 女性의 地位
• Ⅱ. 經濟現代化와 勞動事情
• 1. 經濟現代化와 雇傭問題
• 2. 經濟革命과 勞動問題
• Ⅲ. 女性勞動의 새로운 樣相展開
• 1. 女性勞動의 差別待遇狀況
• 2. 男女差別의 原因과 解消의 길
• Ⅳ. 結論-女性勞動의 再吟味
• 요 약