두루미류 취식지역의 공간적 분포 및 서식밀도와 잠자리, 도로, 인가지역과의 관계 = Spatial Distribution of Feeding Site and the Relationship between Density and Environmental Factors(Roosting Site, Road and Residence) of Cranes in Cheorwon Basin, Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We studied the influence certain environmental factors (proximity of roosting site, roads, and residential areas) have on the spatial distribution of cranes in the Cheorwon, Korea. Using a range finder and GPS, data were collected from January to February 2007 and were subsequently evaluated with ArcGIS. The size of the cranes' wintering habitat was estimated to be 76.9 ㎢. Five hundred and fifty-five flocks of cranes were observed and detailed distributions were collected. Feeding distribution of the cranes showed clustered distribution, however, no tendencies of spatial autocorrelation were apparent. Adjacent regions with paved roads and residences showed lower densities than other areas. Distances at which paved roads and residential areas induced changes in feeding flock densities were 1500m and 1750m, respectively. Feeding flock density decreased with increased distance from roosting site. Feeding flock density of the two crane species did not increase as distance from roads increased, however, the density of individuals showed a significant increasing tendency with increased distance from roads. In both species, density of feeding flocks and individuals significantly increased with increasing distance from residential areas. In Red-crowned Cranes, the density of feeding flocks and individuals significantly decreased with increasing distance from roosting site, however, in the case of White-naped Cranes, there was an even distribution in density of feeding flocks and individuals.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 두루미류의 공간적 분포 양상을 확인하고, 환경요인(잠자리, 도로, 인가)의 영향범위와 영향력을 평가한 것이다. 조사는 2007년 1월에서 2월까지 4회에 걸쳐 철원지역 두루미류의 분포를 거리측정기와 GPS를 이용하여 수집하였다. 두루미류의 서식이 가능한 것으로 조사된 지역은 총 76.9㎢ 였으며, 두루미 Grus japonensis 와 재두루미 Grus vipio 555개 무리의 분포위치를 수집한 후 환경요인과의 거리별 밀도를 분석하였다. 두루미류의 취식분포는 특정지역에 밀집한 분포를 보였으며, 인근지역에서 취식하는 두루미류 취식무리 간의 개체수는 공간적자기상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 두루미류의 취식무리수 밀도는 잠자리와의 거리에 따라 상관이 없었다. 하지만, 포장도로와 인가지역은 가까울수록 서식밀도가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 포장도로의 경우 1,500m 에서 밀도 변곡점을 보였으며, 인가지역으로 부터 취식밀도는 1,750m 에서 밀도 변곡점을 보였다. 잠자리와 취식지간의 거리별 밀도변화는 취식무리수 밀도에서만 확인할 수 없었다. 포장도로와의 거리가 멀어짐에 따라 두 종의 취식무리수 밀도는 증가하지 않았으나, 개체수밀도는 유의하게 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 인가와의 거리가 늘어남에 따라 두루미와 재두루미 모두 취식무리 밀도와 개체수밀도 모두에서 유의한 증가양상을 나타내었다. 잠자리와의 거리가 멀어질수록, 두루미는 취식무리 밀도와 개체수밀도가 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 재두루미의 경우 증감의 경향을 보이지 않았다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 유승화, "두루미류의 취식무리 크기 및 구성과 도로에 대한 회피 - 도로의 영향 vs 통행에 의한 영향?" 한국환경생태학회 23 (23): 41-49, 2009

2 유승화, "두루미류의 차량에 대한 반응 및 방해요인과 먹이 자원 사이의 절충 - 철원분지에서 월동하는 두루미와 재두루미를 중심으로" 한국환경생태학회 21 (21): 526-535, 2007

3 유승화, "두루미류 월동지역으로서의 철원 민간인통제지역에 대한 선호도 -2002~2003년 월동기" 한국조류학회II 15 (15): 39-49, 2008

4 Pae, S.H., "Wintering ecology of Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis and White-naped Crane Grus vipio in Cholwon basin, Korea" Kyung Hee University 1994

5 Ruediger, B., "The relationship between rare carnivore and highway, In Proceedings of the transportation related wildlife seminar (FL-ER-69-98)" Florida department of transportation 1998

6 Timoney, K., "The habitat of nesting Whooping Cranes" 89 : 189-197, 1999

7 Wong, D.W, "Statistical analysis of geographic information with ArcView GIS and ArcGIS" JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC 441-, 2005

8 Yoo, S.H., "Some factors affecting the distribution of Grus japonensis and Grus vipio behavioral aspects of family group" Kyung Hee University 2004

9 Forman, R.T.T, "Road and their major ecological effects" 29 : 207-231, 1998

10 Nagano, Y., "Reaction of Hooded and White-naped Cranes by human and cars" 11 : 179-187, 1992

11 Kim G.G, "Principles of restoration in natural environment and ecology" Academy Publishing Co 2006

12 Cao, M, "Habitat suitability change of Red-crowed Crane in Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve" 19 (19): 141-147, 2008

13 Su, L., "Habitat selection by Sandhill Cranes, Grus canadensis tabida, at multiple geographic scales in Wisconsin" Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison 2003

14 Lee,Woo-Shin, "Habitat Use of Cranes in Cheolwon Basin, Korea" 한국생태학회 24 (24): 77-80, 2001

15 Evink, G.L., "Florida department of transportation initiatives related to wildlife mortality, In Proceedings of the transportation related wildlife seminar (FL-ER-58-96)" Florida department of transportation 1996

16 Ohsako, Y., "Flock organization, dispersion and territorial behaviour of wintering Hooded Cranes (Grus monacha) in Izumi and Akune, Kyushu" 38 (38): 15-29, 1989

17 Alonso, J.C., "Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering Common Cranes Grus grus" 35 : 434-444, 2004

18 Cain, A.T., "Effect of highway and migration projects on Bobcats in Southern Texas" 114 : 189-197, 2003

19 Klein, M.L., "Effect of ecotourism on distribution of waterbirds in a wildlife refuge" 9 (9): 1454-1465, 1995

20 Begon, M., "Ecology: individual, population and communities(3rd ed.)" Blackwell Science 1049-, 1996

21 Korea Water Resource Cooperation, "Ecological network planning in Sihwa district" Korea Institute of Water and Environment 264-, 2005

22 Johnsgard, P.A., "Cranes of the World" Indiana Univ. Press 258-, 1993

23 Herr, A.M, "Crane habitat evaluation using GIS and remote sensing" 59 (59): 1531-1538, 1993

24 Spalding, D.W, "Communal roosting and foraging behavior of staging Sandhill Cranes" 106 (106): 62-77, 1994

25 Stehn, T.V, "Changes in wintering Whooping Crane territories and range 1959-2006" 40-56, 2006

26 Perrins, C.M, "Avian Ecology: Tertiary level biology" Blakie & Son Ltd 221-, 1983

27 Pae,S.H, "A study on habitat use of wintering cranes in DMZ, Korea: with carrying capacity and spatial distribution analysis using GIS" Kyung Hee University 2000

28 Austin, J.E, "A Comprehensive review of observational and site evaluation data of migrant Whooping Cranes in the United States, 1943-1999. U.S., Geological Survey" Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center