간재 전우의 이단 비판의 기준과 근거 = Bases and Criteria of Ganjae Jeon Woo`s Criticism about Heterodoxies

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this paper, we want to present the solid viewpoint of Ganjae Jeon Woo (1841~1922) on the criteria for distinguishing the orthodox studies(正學) from the heretical ones(異學), the study of the Saints(聖學) from the heterodoxies(異端), and on the bases for criticizing heretical studies. The criteria for distinguishing orthodox studies and study of the Saints from the heterodoxies are as followed. First, the study of the Saints is the one according to which the mind(心) considers the Heaven(天) the foundation, if the mind is considered the foundation, then this study is heretical. Second, the study which understands the Heaven`s principle(天理) as the master and the mind as the assistant, enhancing the nature(性) and regarding the principle(理) as the criterion can be called the orthodox study; while the study which thinks the mind as the holy king(聖君), lowering the nature, making the mind control the nature, and considering the mind the extreme rule is heretical. Third, the study which follows and believes in the mind is heretical, the study which follows and believes in the human nature is orthodox. Fourth, the study which considers the principle and nature the masters is orthodox, while the study which considers the energy flow(氣) and mind the masters is heretical. Fifth, the study in which the mind enhances the nature is the study of the Saints, while the study in which the mind enhances itself and makes light of the nature is heterodox. Ganjae puts forth various reference points but the last conclusion is that in his viewpoint, only study of Zhu Xi can be regarded as orthodox, and any other theories are heterodox. Only the core proposition of the study of Zhu Xi according to which ``the nature is the principle, the mind is the energy flow(性卽理·心卽氣)`` is right, while the argument that ``the mind is the principle(心卽理)`` is wrong. Only the study which regards the Heaven-the principle-the nature(天·理·性) - means the static metaphysical substances - as foundations and enhances them can be called the true study of the Saint and the orthodoxy; on the contrary, the study which regards the mind - the energy flow - as the foundation and enhances it is called heterodoxy. The study about which Jeon Woo thinks as the most desirable and correct is the one according to which the nature is considered the highest criterion and the mind the lower, the mind must imitate and respect the nature as a disciple does to his master(性師心弟).

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