Effect of transversely bedding layer on the biaxial failure mechanism of brittle materials

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The biaxial failure mechanism of transversally bedding concrete layers was numerically simulated using a sophisticated two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) implemented in the particle flow code (PFC2D). This numerical modelling code was first calibrated by uniaxial compression and Brazilian testing results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model’s response. Secondly, 21 rectangular models with dimension of 54 mm×108 mm were built. Each model contains two transversely bedding layers. The first bedding layer has low mechanical properties, less than mechanical properties of intact material, and second bedding layer has high mechanical properties, more than mechanical properties of intact material. The angle of first bedding layer, with weak mechanical properties, related to loading direction was 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° while the angle of second layer, with high mechanical properties, related to loading direction was 90°, 105°, 120°, 135°, 150°, 160° and 180°. Is to be note that the angle between bedding layer was 90° in all bedding configurations. Also, three different pairs of the thickness were chosen in models, i.e., 5 mm/10 mm, 10 mm/10 mm and 20 mm/10 mm. The result shows that in all configurations, shear cracks develop between the weaker bedding layers. Shear cracks angel related to normal load change from 0° to 90° with increment of 15°. Numbers of shear cracks are constant by increasing the bedding thickness. It’s to be noted that in some configuration, tensile cracks develop through the intact area of material model. There is not any failure in direction of bedding plane interface with higher strength.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Zhou, X. P., "Three-dimensional nonlinear strength criterion for rock-like materials based on the micromechanical method" 72 : 54-60, 2014

2 Wang, Y. T., "The modeling of crack propagation and coalescence in rocks under uniaxial compression using the novel conjugated bond-based peridynamics" 128 : 614-643, 2017

3 Vahab Sarfarazi, "The effect of non-persistent joints on sliding direction of rock slopes" 사단법인 한국계산역학회 17 (17): 723-737, 2016

4 David Oskar Potyondy, "The bonded-particle model as a tool for rock mechanics research and application: current trends and future directions" 한국자원공학회 18 (18): 1-28, 2015

5 Yu, C., "The anisotropic seepage analysis of water sealed underground oil storage caverns" 38 : 26-37, 2013

6 Hadi Haeri, "Suggesting a new testing device for determination of tensile strength of concrete" 국제구조공학회 60 (60): 939-952, 2016

7 Hu Shaowei, "Study on fracture characteristics of reinforced concrete wedge splitting tests" 사단법인 한국계산역학회 18 (18): 337-354, 2016

8 Zhang, Q., "Study of scale effect on intact rock strength using particle flow modeling" 48 (48): 1320-1328, 2011

9 Vietor, T., "Small Scale in Situ Tests: Bore-Hole Experiments at HADES and Mont Terri Concrete Laboratories, Deliverable 8"

10 Hazzard, J. F., "Simulation acoustic emissions in bonded-particle models of rock" 37 : 867-872, 2000

11 Ghazvinian, A., "Shear behavior of inherently anisotropic rocks" 61 : 96-110, 2013

12 Liu, X., "Self-monitoring application of conductive asphalt concrete under indirect tensile deformation" 3 : 70-77, 2015

13 Zhou, X. P., "Real-time computerized tomography(CT)experiments on limestone damage evolution during unloading" 50 (50): 49-56, 2008

14 Khanlari, G. R., "Quantification of strength anisotropy of metamorphic rocks of the Hamedan province, Iran, as determined from cylindrical punch, point load and Brazilian tests" 8 : 80-90, 2014

15 Haeri, H., "Propagation mechanism of neighboring cracks in rock-like cylindrical specimens under uniaxial compression" 51 (51): 1062-1106, 2016

16 Haeri, H., "Propagation mechanism of neighboring cracks in rock-like cylindrical specimens under uniaxial compression" 51 (51): 487-496, 2015

17 Kulatilake, P. H. S. W., "Physical and particle flow modeling of jointed rock block behavior under uniaxial loading" 38 (38): 641-657, 2001

18 Itasca Consulting Group, Inc, "Particle Flow Code in 2-Dimensions: Problem Solving with PFC2D, Version 3.1"

19 Haeri, H., "On the crack propagation analysis of rock like Brazilian disc specimens containing cracks under compressive line loading" 11 (11): 1400-1416, 2014

20 Tang, C. A., "Numerical studies of the influence of microstructure on rock failure in uniaxial compression part I : Effect of heterogeneity" 37 (37): 555-569, 2000

21 Tang, C. A., "Numerical simulation on progressive failure leading to collapse and associated seismicity" 34 (34): 249-262, 1997

22 Zhou, X. P., "Numerical simulation of thermal cracking in rocks based on general particle dynamics" 144 (144): 04017156-, 2018

23 Wang, Y. T., "Numerical simulation of propagation and coalescence of flaws in rock materials under compressive loads using the extended non-ordinary state-based peridynamics" 163 : 248-273, 2016

24 Min, K. B., "Numerical determination of the equivalent elastic compliance tensor for fractured rock masses using the distinct element method" 40 (40): 795-816, 2003

25 Saeidi, O., "Numerical and analytical analyses of the effects of different joint and grout properties on the rock mass groutability" 38 : 11-25, 2013

26 Peitao Wang, "Numerical analysis on scale effect of elasticity, strength and failure patterns of jointed rock masses" 한국지질과학협의회 20 (20): 539-549, 2016

27 Haeri, H., "Modeling the propagation mechanism of two random micro cracks in rock samples under uniform tensile loading" 2013

28 Jiang, Q., "Mechanical anisotropy of columnar jointed basalts : An example from the Baihetan hydropower station" 175 : 35-, 2014

29 Tiang, Y., "Mechanical and dynamic properties of high strength concrete modified with lightweight aggregates presaturated polymer emulsion" 93 : 1151-1156, 2015

30 Labiouse, V., "Laboratory and in situ simulation tests of the excavation damaged zone around galleries in Opalinus clay" 47 (47): 57-70, 2014

31 Lambert, C., "Influence of calcium leaching on the mechanical behavior of a concrete-mortar interface : A DEM analysis" 37 (37): 258-266, 2010

32 Haeri, H., "Fracture analyses of different pre-holed concrete specimens under compression" 31 (31): 855-870, 2015

33 Lancaster, I. M., "Extended FEM modelling of crack propagation using the semi-circular bending test" 48 : 270-277, 2013

34 Lei, M. F., "Experimental study on the damage mechanism of tunnel structure suffering from sulfate attack" 36 : 5-13, 2013

35 Hadi Haeri, "Experimental study of shear behavior of planar nonpersistent joint" 사단법인 한국계산역학회 17 (17): 649-663, 2016

36 Haeri, H., "Experimental and numerical study of shear fracture in brittle materials with interference of initial double" 29 (29): 555-566, 2016

37 Haeri, H., "Experimental and numerical simulation of the microcrack coalescence mechanism in rock-like materials" 47 (47): 740-754, 2015

38 Sagong, M., "Experimental and numerical analyses of an opening in a jointed rock mass under biaxial compression" 48 (48): 1055-1067, 2011

39 Seeska, R., "Experiment: Long Term Deformation Behavior of Boreholes" 2011

40 Yun, T. S., "Evaluation of rock anisotropy using 3D Xray computed tomography" 163 : 11-19, 2013

41 Moradian, Z. A., "Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emission" 47 (47): 590-598, 2010

42 Mustafa Sarıdemir, "Empirical modeling of flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete containing fly ash by GEP" 사단법인 한국계산역학회 17 (17): 489-498, 2016

43 Tavallali, A., "Effect of layer orientation on the failure of layered sandstone under Brazilian test conditions" 47 (47): 313-322, 2010

44 Zhou, X. P., "Dynamic damage constitutive relation of mesoscopic heterogenous brittle rock under rotation of principal stress axes" 54 (54): 110-116, 2010

45 Dai, Z., "Dual-support smoothed particle hydrodynamics for elastic mechanics" 14 (14): 1750039-, 2016

46 Ren, H., "Dual-horizon peridynamics" 108 (108): 1451-1476, 2016

47 Zhou, X.P, "Different crack sizes analyzed for surrounding rock mass around underground caverns in Jinping I hydropower station" 57 (57): 19-30, 2012

48 Sun, J. P., "Determination of three dimensional hydraulic conductivities using a combined analytical/neural network model" 26 (26): 310-319, 2011

49 Rabczuk, T., "Cracking particles : A simplified meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks" 61 (61): 2316-2343, 2004

50 Lisjak, A., "Continuum-discontinuum analysis of failure mechanisms around unsupported circular excavations in anisotropic clay shales" 65 : 96-115, 2014

51 Dinh, Q. D., "Brazilian tensile strength tests on some anisotropic rocks" 58 : 1-7, 2013

52 Park, B., "Bonded-particle discrete element modeling of mechanical behavior of transversely isotropic rock" 76 : 243-255, 2015

53 Yang, T. H., "Anisotropic characteristics of fractured rock mass and a case study in Shirengou Metal Mine in China" 48 : 129-139, 2015

54 Yang, T. H., "Anisotropic characteristics of fractured rock mass and a case study in Shirengou Metal Mine in China" 48 : 129-139, 2015

55 Ahmed B. Shuraim, "Analysis of punching shear in high strength RC panels– experiments, comparison with codes and FEM results" 사단법인 한국계산역학회 17 (17): 739-760, 2016

56 Rabczuk, T., "A three-dimensional large deformation meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks" 196 (196): 2777-2799, 2007

57 Rabczuk, T., "A simple and robust three-dimensional cracking-particle method without enrichment" 199 (199): 2437-2455, 2010

58 Liang, Z. Z., "A numerical study on failure process of transversely isotropic rock subjected to uniaxial compression" 26 (26): 57-62, 2005

59 Wasantha, P. L. P., "A new parameter to describe the persistency of non-persistent joints" 181 : 71-77, 2014

60 Li, S., "A new mini-grating absolute displacement measuring system for static and dynamic geomechanical model tests" 82 : 421-431, 2016

61 Sarfarazi, V., "A new approach for measurement of anisotropic tensile strength of concrete" 3 (3): 269-284, 2016

62 Cundall, P. A., "A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies" 29 (29): 47-65, 1979

63 Zhang, Z. X., "A discrete numerical approach for modeling face stability in slurry shield tunnelling in soft soils" 38 (38): 94-104, 2011

64 Haeri, H., "A coupled experimental and numerical simulation of rock slope joints behavior" 8 (8): 7297-7308, 2015

65 Potyondy, D. O., "A bonded-particle model for rock" 41 (41): 1329-1364, 2004