Rapid rates of low fertility and population aging in Korea have caused a big change in the structure of population and labor markets. At a ratio of 1.15 children per woman, Korea's total fertility rate in 2009 was the lowest in the OECD. The decline i...
Rapid rates of low fertility and population aging in Korea have caused a big change in the structure of population and labor markets. At a ratio of 1.15 children per woman, Korea's total fertility rate in 2009 was the lowest in the OECD. The decline in the fertility rate is mainly explained by married women having fewer children. In addition to the low fertility rates, the female employment rates have dropped to 52.2% in 2009, which is well below the OECD average of 59.6%. Therefore, Korea has to face up to the dual challenge of promoting female labor employment rates, as well as, increasing current fertility rates. In an attempt to boost the country's dropping birth rates and female employment rates, the government has to encourage married women to have more babies through institutionalized childcare policy.
Social(family) policy and labor policy are the policies which enhance female labor market participation. Social policies include: childcare leave, family allowance, childcare benefit, day care and family service. First, I used and organized data from the Comparative Welfare States Data Set (CWS),’ ‘Social Expenditure(SOCX),’ ‘Comparative Family Benefits Database Version 3(CFBD)’ and World Development Indicator(WDI)’ from 1981 to 1999 for 20 years to examine the effects over 19 OECD countries to a set the model. As a result, expenditure of social policy, such as childcare subsidy, enhances women's economic activities. However, increasing expenses of passive labor policies lower female labor market participation. Unexpectedly, increasing expenses of active labor policy lower female labor market participation, but this result is not statistically significant and this result has the limit as to treat only macro data here.
Another estimation is the research which examines the childcare policy to boost Korean female labor market participation. According to the childcare plan, in participation with the government, states that approximately 7 trillion won was expected to be spent on the public childcare system in 2007. Since financing the public expenditures, such as childcare subsidy, is a controversial issue. Experimental review is necessary. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of expansion in childcare policy which serves families with infants over married women's labor supply. Empirical results from the differences-in-difference(DID) model, which includes married women with infants at specific income levels as the control group, suggests their labor market participation was increased; except the group of low-income and low-educated households.
This implies that the increased expenditure for childcare subsidy is associated with increased probabilities of working mothers with infants. However. it does not show statistically significant results. The labor participations in the low-income and low-educated married women with infant social bracket continually drops. Thus, female labor force participation statistic actually differed through the sample composition. Finally, I suggest that the policies made by the government should give differentiated amounts to working mothers, which promotes married women to work more. Moreover, the amount of subsidy assistance has to be changed to a practical amount, to give married women actual assistance.