Wisteria Vein Mosaic Virus Detected for the First Time in Iran from an Unknown Host by Analysis of Aphid Vectors

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The development of reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers against conserved regions of most potyviral genomes enabled sampling of the potyvirome. However, these assays usually involve sampling potential host plants, but identifying infected plants when they are asymptomatic is challenging, and many plants, especially wild ones, contain inhibitors to DNA amplification. We used an alternative approach which utilized aphid vectors and indicator plants to identify potyviruses capable of infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Aphids were collected from a range of asymptomatic leguminous weeds and trees in Iran, and transferred to bean seedlings under controlled conditions. Bean plants were tested serologically for potyvirus infections four-weeks post-inoculation. The serological assay and symptomatology together indicated the presence of one potyvirus, and symptomology alone implied the presence of an unidentified virus. The partial genome of the potyvirus, encompassing the complete coat protein gene, was amplified using generic potyvirus primers. Sequence analysis of the amplicon confirmed the presence of an isolate of Wisteria vein mosaic virus (WVMV), a virus species not previously identified from Western Asia. Phylogenetic analyses of available WVMV sequences categorized them into five groups: East Asian-1 to 3, North American and World. The Iranian isolate clustered with those in the World group. Multiple sequence alignment indicated the presence of some genogroup-specific amino acid substitutions among the isolates studied. Chinese isolates were sister groups of other isolates and showed higher nucleotide distances as compared with the others, suggesting a possible Eastern-Asian origin of WVMV, the main region where Wisteria might have originated.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Materials and Methods Results Discussion

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Bos, L., "Viruses of plants: descriptions and lists from the VIDE Database" CAB International 1407-1409, 1996

2 Brunt, A. A., "Viruses of plants: descriptions and lists from the VIDE Database" CAB International 1504-, 1996

3 Wamonje, F. O., "Viral metagenomics of aphids present in bean and maize plots on mixed-use farms in Kenya reveals the presence of three dicistroviruses including a novel Big Sioux River virus-like dicistrovirus" 14 : 188-, 2017

4 Jones, S., "Viral diagnostics in plants using next generation sequencing:computational analysis in practice" 8 : 1770-, 2017

5 Paez-Espino, D., "Uncovering Earth’s virome" 536 : 425-430, 2016

6 Virgin, H. W, "The virome in mammalian physiology and disease" 157 : 142-150, 2014

7 Yasaka, R., "The timescale of emergence and spread of Turnip mosaic Potyvirus" 7 : 4240-, 2017

8 Kamińska, M., "The occurrence of Wisteria vein mosaic virus in Wisteria floribunda DC plants in Poland" 154 : 414-417, 2006

9 Wylie, S. J., "The global trade in fresh produce and the vagility of plant viruses:a case study in garlic" 9 : e105044-, 2014

10 Liang, W. X., "The genomic sequence of Wisteria vein mosaic virus and its similarities with other potyviruses" 151 : 2311-2319, 2006

11 Ong, J. W. L., "The challenges of using highthroughput sequencing to track multiple bipartite mycoviruses of wild orchid-fungus partnerships over consecutive years" 510 : 297-304, 2017

12 Clover, G. R. G., "Taxonomy of Wisteria vein mosaic virus and extensions to its host range and geographical distribution" 52 : 92-96, 2003

13 Foottit, R. G., "Species identification of aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera:Aphididae) through DNA barcodes" 8 : 1189-1201, 2008

14 Valouzi, H., "Serological and molecular identification of Turnip mosaic virus in some wild plants in Iran" 12 : 3-, 2017

15 Martin, D. P., "RDP4: detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes" 1 : vev003-, 2015

16 ones, D. R, "Plant viruses transmitted by thrips" 113 : 119-157, 2005

17 Farzadfar, S., "Plant viruses of Iran" Saman Company 203-, 2002

18 Fereres, A., "Plant virus transmission by insects"

19 Roossinck, M. J, "Plant virus metagenomics: biodiversity and ecology" 46 : 359-369, 2012

20 Hull, R., "Plant virology" Academic Press 1104-, 2014

21 Jo, Y., "Peach RNA viromes in six different peach cultivars" 8 : 1844-, 2018

22 Schrader, C., "PCR inhibitors - occurrence, properties and removal" 113 : 1014-1026, 2012

23 Esfandiari, N., "Occurrence of viruses infecting pea in Iran" 71 : 1281-1287, 2006

24 Golnaraghi, A. R., "Occurrence and relative incidence of viruses infecting soybeans in Iran" 88 : 1069-1074, 2004

25 Wylie, S. J., "Multiple polyadenylated RNA viruses detected in pooled cultivated and wild plant samples" 157 : 271-284, 2012

26 Li., J., "Molecular systematics and biogeography of Wisteria inferred from nucleotide sequences of nuclear and plastid genes" 52 : 40-50, 2014

27 Farzadfar, S., "Molecular characterisation of Turnip mosaic virus isolates from Brassicaceae weeds" 124 : 45-55, 2009

28 Atoni, E., "Metagenomic virome analysis of Culex mosquitoes from Kenya and China" 10 : 30-, 2018

29 Donaldson, E. F., "Metagenomic analysis of the viromes of three North American bat species: viral diversity among different bat species that share a common habitat" 84 : 13004-13018, 2010

30 Wegley, L., "Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community associated with the coral Porites astreoides" 9 : 2707-2719, 2007

31 Tamura, K., "MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0" 30 : 2725-2729, 2013

32 Letunic, I., "Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v4:recent updates and new developments" 47 : W256-W259, 2019

33 Whitfield, A. E., "Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses" 479-480 : 278-289, 2015

34 Mozaffarian, V., "Identification of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran" Farhang Moaser Publishers 1350-, 2013

35 Wylie, S. J., "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Potyviridae" 98 : 352-354, 2017

36 Islam, W., "Genetic diversity of begomoviruses in Pakistan captured through a vector based survey" 118 : 91-97, 2018

37 Altschul, S. F., "Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs" 25 : 3389-3402, 1997

38 Ji, Z. -L., "First report of wisteria vein mosaic virus in Chinese wisteria in Jiangxi Province in China" 101 : 1259-1260, 2019

39 Clover, G. R. G., "First report of Wisteria vein mosaic virus on Wisteria spp. in the United Kingdom" 31 : 1-, 2015

40 Ward, L. I., "First report of Wisteria vein mosaic virus on Wisteria sinensis in New Zealand" 92 : 1134-, 2008

41 Naidu, R. A., "First report of Wisteria vein mosaic virus in Wisteria sinensis in the United States of America" 9 : 42-, 2008

42 Liang, W. X., "First report of Wisteria vein mosaic virus in China" 53 : 516-, 2004

43 Harrington, R., "Field assessment of the relative importance of different aphid species in the transmission of potato virus Y" 29 : 67-76, 1986

44 Wylie, S. J., "Exotic and indigenous viruses infect wild populations and captive collections of temperate terrestrial orchids (Diuris species) in Australia" 171 : 22-32, 2013

45 Posada, D, "Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: empirical data" 19 : 708-717, 2002

46 Moury, B., "Estimation of the number of virus particles transmitted by an insect vector" 104 : 17891-17896, 2007

47 Hashemi, S., "Distribution model of aphid species as vectors of potyviruses of legumes in climates of Iran with an emphasis on the climates of Markazi province" Islamic Azad University 2015

48 Kaiser, W. J., "Diseases of pulse crops (edible legumes) in Iran" 52 : 687-689, 1968

49 Feng, Y., "Discovery of known and novel viral genomes in soybean aphid by deep sequencing" 1 : 36-45, 2017

50 Mowat, W. P., "Detection and identification of plant viruses by ELISA using crude sap extracts and unfractionated antisera" 15 : 233-247, 1987

51 Ha, C., "Design and application of two novel degenerate primer pairs for the detection and complete genomic characterization of potyviruses" 153 : 25-36, 2008

52 Wylie, S. J., "Complete genome sequences of seven carlavirus and potyvirus isolates from Narcissus and Hippeastrum plants in Australia, and proposals to clarify their naming" 157 : 1471-1480, 2012

53 Pettersson, J. H. -O., "Characterizing the virome of Ixodes ricinus ticks from northern Europe" 7 : 10870-, 2017

54 Golnaraghi, A., "Characterization and genetic structure of a Tospovirus causing chlorotic ring spots and chlorosis disease on peanut; comparison with Iranian and Polish populations of Tomato yellow fruit ring virus" 102 : 1509-1519, 2018

55 MacDiarmid, R., "Biosecurity implications of new technology and discovery in plant virus research" 9 : e1003337-, 2013

56 Hall, T. A, "BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT" 41 : 95-98, 1999

57 Li, L., "Bat guano virome: predominance of dietary viruses from insects and plants plus novel mammalian viruses" 84 : 6955-6965, 2010

58 Liu, S., "Aphis glycines virus 2, a novel insect virus with a unique genome structure" 8 : 315-, 2016

59 Guerrieri, E, "Aphid-plant interactions: a review" 3 : 223-232, 2008

60 Mumford, R., "Advances in molecular phytodiagnostics: new solutions for old problems" 116 : 1-19, 2006

61 Shahraeen, N., "A survey of viruses affecting French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)in Iran includes a first report of Southern bean mosaic virus and Bean pod mottle virus" 89 : 1012-, 2005

62 de Fátima Rosas-Cárdenas, F., "A simple and efficient method for isolating small RNAs from different plant species" 7 : 4-, 2011

63 Pappu, S. S., "A polymerase chain reaction method adapted for selective amplification and cloning of 3’ sequences of potyviral genomes: application to dasheen mosaic virus" 41 : 9-20, 1993

64 Zheng, L., "A novel pair of universal primers for the detection of potyviruses" 59 : 211-220, 2010