김정일시대 통치이데올로기에 관한 연구 : 통치담론 변화와 작동기제를 중심으로 = Study on the government ideology during period of Kim, Jung Il : based on changes of government discussion and conclusions

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The divided structure between North and South Korea and cold war in Korean peninsula are demanded with a new change in the rapidly developed system of politics in Northeastern Asia and international flow of the secession from the cold war. The core element of the change is the fulfillment of the peaceful system from the cold war, and moreover it's said to be the construction of a peaceful order in Northeastern Asia and achievement of unification between North and South Korea. Not only the efforts of both North and South Korea and the support from the countries nearby are needed, but also the endeavor and wisdom of South Korea for managing the North Korean system that faced with severe economic difficulties and social tensions in 1990's more stably and helping them to enter the market economy smoothly through the reformation and open policy are necessary.
The most important thing to consider is that North Korea should understand the reality dispassionately with the government and recognize the logical change and traces for responding it. In other words, it's essential to comprehend the function and characteristics, and thoughts of the constituent members, because those formulate the identity of North Korea and core for reproducing it. The North Korea has been expressing their identity as 'Subjective Ideology' through the official discussions. The 'Subjective Ideology' is the practice principles of the rule of the chief leader and others for reflecting the ideal and expectation of the North Korea, while controlling and managing the society.
However, when comparing with the reality at present, the ideal and expectation for realizing the 'Subjective Ideology' have been forfeited of its meaning and power. The consciousness of the North Korean people has been changed in the collapse of the national support system that the food rationing and social welfare had been guaranteed, as they survive every day in the thoughts of their existence and unofficial economic part, which is the grim reality the 'Subjective Ideology' faces with. The 'protection' logic that had been emphasized in the 'benefit' and 'care' of the nation and governor is not existed any more, and the recognition that it's not only the unreal discussions, which the ideal and expectation of 'Subjective Ideology' are not corresponded with the reality, is surging.
Though, I'd like to insist that it's important to understand the political power of North Korea at present in the 'Subjective Ideology' and identify the changes. The 'Subjective Ideology' is the road map that responding logic and self-response are connected as North Korea has accumulated in every process for solving the internal and external problems, and it's closed with practice principles. Namely, the 'Subjective Ideology' already was planned and systemized by the intention of the chief leader and others, but it signifies the authority to formulate the system constantly in a course for selecting a policy and route.
Therefore, not only we should identify the system, principles and changes of the 'Subjective Ideology', and intention of the policies and routes of North Korea, but also we should consider that the 'Subjective Ideology' limits the appointment of the leader. It's reflected in the historical moment for appointing leaders to cope with the internal and external problems, but they might be limited within the frame of the ideology that they made. Finally, this ideology has been differentiated and changed in the practices for solving the actual problems within the abstract system.
After mid-1990's the period of Kim, Jung Il was the time that the 'Subjective Ideology' that was historically formulated had been tested for its double structures. It was the actual capacity or practice for responding with crisis internally or externally, but also it was a structure to interpret it newly in a selection route. In this study, I tried to search the correlation between the continuance of the North Korean system and government ideology based on the problem-solving. It will be leaded to find out that what is the meaning regarding of the government of ideology during the period of Kim, Jung Il in the continuance and change process at present.
As soon as North Korea faced with the crisis of the political power after the collapse of socialism, they judged that it was difficult to accomplish the period of socialistic reverse with the subjective ideology that is based on the realization of socialism renovation and communism. Then, for making the people to recognize that the socialism was necessary they formulated 'our own socialism' by reinterpreting the thoughts, theories and methods of the subjective ideology.
Also, by avoiding the existing revolutionary trend for the severe food and economic difficulties according to the collapse of socialism, unfriendly foreign relationship, system disturbance and natural disasters for the long term, it was inevitable to transfer the policy route for securing the stability through military and practical trend.
So that they suggested the national goal and policy plan that North Korea was strongest country, and 'Red Arms' (Rule), 'Benevolent Military'(Practice Ideology) every time for dealing with the system relaxation according to the internal and external crisis. Additionally, while they trace after the partial changes and continuance of the ideology, they aggressively use it as guidance for uniting the internal structure.
At present, the authority of Kim, Jung Il is based on the internal stability through the unified movement on the 'Benevolent Military' as the practice ideology for realizing the national goal to become the strongest country, and pursues to actualize the actual socialism while having unchangeable values of 'socialism' and changes of 'actual profits' for recovering from the collapse of the economy and normalization.
Even though the authority of Kim, Jung Il makes the internal and external environment that is rapidly changed unsustainably with the old basic system of Kim, Il Sung, he insists it in the core politic power and control. As he occasionally modifies the practices for increasing the military for the national stabilization by the condition, which can be said as conservative and traditional correspondence aspect, but in another hand it shows the open and practical trend in the social and economic view.
Additionally, when reevaluating the socialism directly and indirectly to the North Korean ideology, recognizing the position and role of party and development process of socialism, and analyzing the view, innovative and open policy and function of the capitalism and imperialism at present, North Korea maintains the route of 'our own socialism' based on subjective ideology. Also, they attempt to change the practices from system protection to system development process for accomplishing the crisis. The position and role of the party for protecting the subjective ideology and system protection have been weak when comparing with the period of Kim, Il Sung, but those are constantly changing nowadays in the period of Kim, Jung Il.
Moreover, for overcoming the economic difficulties North Korean leaders recognize that it's necessary to innovate and open but determine that it's not destructive to the North Korean style socialism. As a result, they combined the actual profits and subjectivity in the ideology, and self-revival through the scientific technology and the public, and pursue the double strategy, that the centralized authoritarian rule and decentralism are unified. By the innovative and open policy for the economic take-off through the actual socialism based on the market-oriented contents and direction, it's expected that they could rationalize the reality as they reinterpret the subjectivity in the changes of internal and external environment and economy.
As North Korea will consider the internal and external environment with the weakened cooperation and feeling of solidarity according to the innovative and open policy for overcoming the collapse of the socialism and economic difficulties, they will utilize the subjective ideology for rationalizing the rupture and closure in their own style of socialism for a while. In other words, as they maintain the subjective ideology system while progressing to rationalize the actual changes by interpreting the subjective ideology of conservative Kim, Il Sung. Also, this theoretical and rational process might be accomplished excessively before the struggle of the economic reformation and nuclear treatment between North Korea and US.
In addition, for elevating the priority of 'our own socialism' in all phases while maintaining a guidance role between the chief and party, they construct report and politic communication network from lower to superior and pursue the reformation of the organization and executive personnel system including separation of the party and politic that reduces the reiteration of the organization and constituent members.
Moreover, for accepting the capitalism elements in the actual profits they attempt to harmonize the principles of the subjective ideology with the actual profit concepts such as market, price and competition. However, as the philosophical principles that subjectivity and creativity of the subjective ideology are not damaged, they will expand the currency and market economy by interpreting the economy management under the subjectivity flexibility.
As the North Korea emphasizes that 'our own socialism' is different from the socialism of Soviet Union or China, they will point up the protection theory with the nationalism.
Through this regulation North Korea will emphasize on the position of the subjective nation externally and secure the unitary leadership externally by regulating and controlling strictly for achieving it. However, when the general crisis is severe and the system collapses, they might change the theories by weakening the subjectivity that is the core of the subjective ideology for rationalizing their responses upon the reality aggressively.
Even the subjective ideology is based on the priority of the determination, its practicality and flexible interpretation are possible, so by Kim, Jung Il it's possible to justify the changes with the ideology. Therefore, based on the subjectivity North Korea could attempt to change the subjective ideology newly and flexibly for restoring the system and survival by avoiding from the existing justifiable strategy.
In the view of the socialism contrast, North Korea maintains the politic and economic system of the previous anti-Stalin's ideology in other socialism nations, they pursue the changes within the system which the subjectivity and actual profits are unified in the survival aspect that is 'restoration of socialism' and 'continuance of the authority of Kim, Jung Il'.
However, for succeeding it the nuclear problem of North Korea should be settled smoothly and they should accept the economic changes by constructing a remarkable market system that is applicable to other foreign countries. In this aspect North Korea should suffer the system changes including the modification from the subjective ideology to practicality for introducing the market concept in the system survival.
The changes of North Korea in near future could be determined by the external elements such as the intention of the other countries and policy goal due to various conditions including unique distinctiveness of North Korean system and constitutional limitations. Therefore, based on the intimate cooperation with other countries we should actively respond to the problem of North Korea by emphasizing on the strategy and policy toward North Korea for encouraging them to change.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 = 1
• 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
• 제2절 연구의 방법과 범위 = 6
• 제2장 사회주의체제 통치이데올로기의 태동과 분화 = 11
• 제1절 사회주의체제의 통치이데올로기 = 11
• 1. 통치이데올로기의 개념 = 11
• 2. 통치이데올로기의 구조와 기능 = 13
• 3. 현실사회주의 체제의 통치이데올로기 변화 = 16
• 제2절 사회주의 국가들의 통치이데올로기 형성과 변천과정 = 19
• 1. 구소련의 사회주의 이념 태동 및 재평가 = 19
• 2. 동유럽의 사회주의 이념 형성 및 실천 행태 = 27
• 3. 중국의 사회주의 이념 형성 및 재평가 = 36
• 4. 베트남의 사회주의 이념 형성 및 실천 행태 = 49
• 제3장 김정일시대 새로운 통치이데올로기 등장 필요성 = 58
• 제1절 북한 사회주의 이념의 태동과 변천과정 = 58
• 1. 맑스·레닌주의의 수용 = 58
• 2. 맑스·레닌주의 위상변화와 주체사상 대두 = 59
• 3. 주체사상의 통치이데올로기화 = 64
• 4. 주체사상을 구현한 '우리식 사회주의' 정식화 = 70
• 제2절 김정일시대 개막과 새 통치이데올로기 등장 배경 = 76
• 1. 김정일시대의 개념 = 76
• 2. 김정일시대와 김일성시대의 차이 = 79
• 3. 북한체제의 위기 원인 = 81
• 4. 새로운 통치이데올로기의 필요성 대두 = 88
• 제4장 김정일시대 통치담론과 통치이데올로기 변화 = 92
• 제1절 위기심화와 붉은기사상 등장 = 93
• 1. 붉은기사상의 등장 배경 = 93
• 2. 붉은기사상의 내용과 성격 = 95
• 제2절 국가발전전략으로서의 강성대국론 = 100
• 1. 강성대국론의 등장 배경 = 100
• 2. 강성대국 건설의 원칙과 방향 = 102
• 3. 강성대국론의 내용과 성격 = 107
• 제3절 위기극복을 위한 선군사상 제시 = 112
• 1. 선군사상의 등장 배경 = 112
• 2. 선군사상의 내용과 성격 = 116
• 제4절 신경제노선으로서의 실리사회주의 추구 = 126
• 1. 실리사회주의의 등장 = 126
• 2. 실리사회주의의 내용 = 130
• 제5장 김정일시대 통치이데올로기 작동기제 = 141
• 제1절 사회주의에 관한 재평가 = 142
• 제2절 당의 지위와 역할 = 151
• 제3절 사회주의 발전단계에 대한 인식 = 159
• 제4절 현대 자본주의와 제국주의에 대한 시각 = 162
• 제5절 개혁·개방 정책 = 169
• 제6장 결론 = 177
• 참고문헌 = 186
• Abstract = 202