The Century that Changed the Religious Map: 1910-2010

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The World Missionary Conference held at Edinburgh in the summer of 1910 reflected the dominant cultural assumptions of the time, including Victorian views of ace,identifying civilizations as higher or lower, and imperial views of progress. These views were shared by the best and brightest of Christians of most all denominations. With these plausibility structures in place it was difficult for the delegates (mostly Anglophiles from the North Atlantic) to see the future of mission as anything other than the imminent evangelization of the world through the more advanced civilizations of the West. In fact this is not what happened. The rise of Communism, two World Wars and the decline of Christianity in the West combined to redirect Christian history for the 20th century. Instead the development of Christianity in the 20th century came from the margins (Africa, Latin America and from oppressed peoples in China) and from less organized and rationalized forms of Christianity: Pentecostalism and Independency in Africa and Asia. Seven themes of Christianity are presented showing that the confidence that western Protestant church leaders had was misplaced. Western Christian decline was not at all in view in 1910. This article concludes with the somber theological reminder that Christianity essence is expressed more clearly in the cross (suffering) than in the possibilities envisioned by mission leaders and their cultural advantages. Cultures or civilizations may be the vehicles of evangelization, but they are not the power. The power of the Gospel is found in surprising and humble clay vessels of all cultures.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Morrison, Charles Clayton, Christian Century 4-11, 1910

2 "World Missionary Conference.The History and Records of the Conference together with Addresses Delivered at the Evening Meetings. Edinburgh and London: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier"

3 "World Missionary Conference, 1910, Edinburgh. Report of Commission I, Carrying the Gospel to all the Non-Christian World. Edinburgh and London: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier"

4 Van Dusen, Henry, P, "World Christianity, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow" Abingdon-Cokesbury Press 1947

5 Davies, Noel, "World Christianity in the Twentieth Century" SCM Press 2008

6 Sanneh, Lamin, "Whose Religion is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the West" William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2003

7 Stanley, Brian, "The World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910" William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co 2009

8 Jenkins, Philip, "The Next Christendom, The coming of Global Christianity" Oxford University Press 2002

9 Visser’t Hooft, W. A, "The Genesis and Formation of the World Council of Churches" World Council of Churches 1982

10 Dembski, William A, "The End of Christianity, Finding a Good God in an Evil World" B and H Publishing Group 2009

11 "Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 6th International Convention, 1909-1910. Students and the Present Missionary Crisis. New York: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions"

12 Speer, Robert E, "Missions and Modern History, A Study of the Missionary Aspects of some Great Movements of the Nineteenth Century, 2 Volumes" Fleming H. Revell Company 1904

13 Friesen, J. Stanley, "Missionary Responses to Tribal Religions at Edinburgh, 1910" Peter Lang 1996

14 Kalu, Obgu U, "Interpreting Contemporary Christianity, Global Processes and Local Identities" William B. Eerdmans 2008

15 Irvin, Dale T, "History of the World Christian Movement in Two Volumes" Orbis Books 2010

16 Hanciles, Jehu J, "Globaization, African Migration and the Transformation of the West" Orbis Books 2008

17 Shenk, Wilbert R, "Enlarging the Story, Perspectives on writing World Christian History" Orbis Books 2002

18 Gairdner, W.H.T, "Echoes from Edinburgh, 1910" Fleming H. Revell Company 1910

19 Sanneh, Lamin, "Disciples of All Nations, Pillars of World Christianity" Oxford University Press 2008

20 Lewis, Donald M, "Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalilsm in the Twentieth Century" William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2004

21 Paton, David Macdonald, "Christian Missions and the Judgment of God, second edition" William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1996

22 Yates, Timothy, "Christian Mission in the Twentieth Century" Cambridge University Press 1994

23 Latourette, Kenneth Scott, "Challenge and Conformity, Studies in the Interaction of Christianity and the World of Today" Harper and Brothers Publishers 1955

24 Latourette, Kenneth Scott, "Anno Domini: Jesus History and God" Harper and Brothers Publishers 1940