Land development handbook : planning, engineering, and surveying

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION / Sidney O. Dewberry[P.E., L.L.S.]
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• What Is Land Development? = 1
• A Modern Definition = 1
• A Changing Profession = 1
• Goal of this Handbook = 2
• 1.2 History of Suburban Growth = 2
• The Move to Suburban Life = 2
• The Role of "Modern" Transportation = 2
• Enter the Automobile = 4
• Success, Suburban Style = 5
• The Beginnings of Land Development Design = 5
• The End of the First Boom and the Beginning of Federal Financing Assistance = 6
• The Impact of Federal Mortgage Guarantees = 6
• Back to the Future : Where Do We Go from Here? = 6
• 1.3 Overview of a Land Development Design Project = 7
• The Land Design Team = 7
• Overview of the Land Design Process = 7
• Communication Skills Are Key = 10
• Public Agencies and Citizens = 10
• 1.4 The Handbook as a Tool = 11
• 1.5 Conclusion = 11
• References = 11
• CHAPTER 2 : LOCAL GOVERNMENT PLANNING AND REGULATORY FUNCTIONS / Lawrence A. McDermott ; Jay H. Feldman[AICP]
• 2.1 Introduction = 13
• 2.2 Comprehensive Planning = 15
• Introduction = 15
• Community Planning : A Participatory Process = 16
• Composition and Characteristics of the Comprehensive Plan = 16
• Establishment of Goals and Objectives = 17
• Inventory and Trends = 17
• Land Use Maps = 18
• Plan Implementation = 18
• What to Look far and How to Use the Comprehensive Plan = 20
• 2.3 Zoning = 21
• Introduction = 21
• The Zoning Map = 22
• Zoning Administration = 23
• Zoning Concepts = 24
• 2.4 Related Techniques in Development Regulation = 30
• Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances = 30
• Development Review Point Systems = 31
• Deed Restrictions and Covenants = 31
• What to Look for and How to Use the Zoning Ordinance and Map = 32
• 2.5 Subdivision Regulations = 34
• Introduction = 34
• Components of Subdivision Regulations = 35
• Development Management = 36
• Guaranteed Performance = 36
• Durability of Information = 36
• Benefits to the Land Development Design Team = 36
• Related Development Regulations = 36
• What to Look for and How to Use Subdivision Regulations = 37
• 2.6 Site Plan Ordinances = 38
• 2.7 Building Codes = 38
• 2.8 Permits = 40
• 2.9 Exactions, Infrastructure Enhancement, and Fees = 40
• Land Reservation = 41
• Dedications = 41
• Preservation = 42
• Payments-in-Lieu = 42
• Impact Fees = 43
• Linkage = 43
• Review and Processing Fees = 43
• 2.10 Chapter Epilogue = 44
• References = 45
• CHAPTER 3 : DEVELOPMENT PROCESSING : SECURING PROJECT APPROVALS / Lawrence A. McDermott ; Jay H. Feldman[AICP]
• 3.1 Introduction = 47
• Plan Review Considerations = 47
• Design Approach : Creative or Cookbook = 48
• Citizen Involvement = 48
• 3.2 Technical Analysis of Rezoning = 49
• Reasons for Rezoning = 49
• Background Investigation = 49
• Comprehensive Plan Amendment = 51
• 3.3 Administration of the Rezoning Process = 51
• The Professional Staff : Decision Influencers = 51
• The Political Leaders : Decision Makers = 52
• Assessing the Community = 53
• Identifying the Issues : Working with the Community = 54
• Preparing for Community Interaction = 54
• Building Community Consensus = 55
• Special Exceptions = 55
• Variances = 56
• 3.4 Presentations = 56
• Presentation Information and Graphics = 57
• Addressing the Issues in the Formal Rezoning Process = 58
• Review of the Application Submittal = 62
• The Public Hearing and Role of the Development Team = 64
• 3.5 Subdivision Submittals : Preparation and Processing = 65
• Introduction : General Plat Submission and Review Procedures = 65
• Partial and Incomplete Submissions = 67
• Addressing Review Comments = 67
• Waivers = 68
• Durability of Approvals = 68
• The Public's Role = 71
• Description of the Preliminary Plan = 71
• Description of the Final Subdivision Plan = 72
• Performance Guarantees and Bond Release = 73
• 3.6 Site Plans, Building Permits, and Certificates of Use and Occupancy = 73
• Site Plans = 73
• Building Permits = 73
• Occupancy Permits = 74
• References = 74
• CHAPTER 4 : SITE ANALYSIS AND SITE SELECTION / Jay H. Feldman[AICP] ; R. Lin Lemon, Jr.[P.E.]
• 4.1 Introduction = 75
• 4.2 Site Assessment／Feasibility Studies = 77
• Study Process = 77
• Information Sources and Data Collection = 78
• Required Information = 79
• Site Inspection = 83
• Compiling and Reporting Study Findings = 87
• An Alternative Study Approach = 88
• Yield Study = 89
• Site Selection Study = 91
• 4.3 Market Analysis = 94
• Information Sources = 95
• 4.4 Hazardous Waste／Environmental Site Assessment = 96
• 4.5 Other Impact Studies = 96
• Traffic Study = 96
• Environmental Impact Study = 97
• School／Pupil Generation = 97
• 4.6 Example of a Preliminary Feasibility Study = 97
• References = 114
• CHAPTER 5 : ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS / Mark W. Headly ; Stephen C. Hambalek Jr.[PWS] ; David A. Ostrander ; Kathleen K. Schaefer[P.E.] ; Elizabeth C. Lawrence-Couture ; Patricia A. Richerson ; John B. Love ; John N. Hummel[P.E.]
• 5.1 Introduction = 115
• Federal Laws and Rule Making = 115
• Permits = 116
• 5.2 Due Diligence and Liability = 116
• Background = 116
• General Liability = 116
• Due Diligence Studies = 117
• Purchaser Liability = 118
• Seller Liability = 118
• Lender Liability = 118
• Liability for Land Design Professionals = 118
• Liability for Developers = 118
• 5.3 Environmental Assessments = 120
• Phase Ⅰ Environmental Assessment = 120
• Phase Ⅱ Environmental Assessment = 121
• Phase Ⅲ Environmental Assessment = 121
• Brief Description of Selected Phase Ⅰ Tasks = 121
• 5.4 Water Resources = 122
• History of CWA for Stormwater Discharge = 122
• NPDES Permits for Construction = 124
• Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program = 127
• 5.5 Wetlands = 128
• Wetland Functions = 130
• Wetland Losses = 130
• Wetlands Defined = 131
• Methodology Criteria = 131
• Wetland Delineation = 133
• The Regulatory Process = 136
• Possible Consequences of Violation = 137
• 5.6 Vegetation Preservation = 137
• Introduction = 137
• The Values and Benefits of Trees = 137
• Tree Preservation／Protection Ordinances = 139
• Tree Preservation and the Site Development Process = 139
• Tree Location and Function = 140
• Protection of Trees During Construction = 140
• Tree Preservation Plan = 141
• 5.7 Wildlife Preservation = 141
• 5.8 Topography and Soils = 143
• 5.9 Historic Preservation and Archaeology = 144
• Introduction = 144
• Historic Context = 144
• Historic Overview = 145
• Preservation Resource Identification = 147
• Preservation Resource Definition Terminology = 147
• The "Formal" and "Informal" Public and Quasi-Public System = 147
• Environmental Site Assessment and Historic and Archaeologic Preservation = 150
• Legal Issues Pertaining to Preservation : Questions and Information to Gather = 150
• Engineering, Architecture, and Landscape Architecture : Contributing Technical Services = 151
• Historic Preservation and Archaeology Documentation : The Process of Recordation = 152
• Architectural and Landscape Preservation Design Examples = 155
• Conclusions = 156
• 5.10 Chemical Contamination = 156
• Background = 156
• Chemical Contamination Sources = 157
• Composition of Hazardous Chemicals = 159
• Hazard Classification = 159
• Identification = 160
• Mitigation = 161
• 5.11 Underground Storage Tanks = 161
• Background = 161
• Regulated Tanks = 161
• Identification／Detection = 163
• Corrective Action／Mitigation = 163
• 5.12 Asbestos = 164
• Background = 164
• Health Effects = 164
• Sources = 165
• Identification／Detection = 165
• Mitigation／Control = 165
• 5.13 Radon = 167
• Background = 167
• Health Risk and Effects of Exposure = 167
• Detection = 167
• Mitigation = 168
• Liability Concerns = 169
• 5.14 Air Quality = 169
• Background = 169
• Sources = 169
• Problems and Effects = 169
• Consideration in Development = 170
• 5.15 Noise Abatement = 170
• Introduction = 170
• What Is Noise? = 171
• Sound Frequency and Pressure = 171
• How Is Noise Measured? = 172
• Community Noise = 173
• Highway Noise = 173
• Aircraft Noise = 173
• Railway Noise = 174
• Principles of Noise Control = 174
• Noise Control : Land Use and Zoning = 175
• Noise Barriers = 176
• Trees as Barriers = 177
• Noise Abatement in Building Construction = 178
• References = 178
• CHAPTER 6 : DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND PRINCIPLES / Dennis Couture[A.S.L.A., R.L.A.]
• 6.1 Introduction = 181
• 6.2 Development Types = 182
• Conventional Subdivision = 182
• Cluster Subdivision = 182
• Planned Unit Development(PUD) = 183
• Planned Community or Master-Planned Community = 183
• 6.3 Development Considerations = 183
• Environmental Impacts and Opportunities = 183
• Aesthetic Impacts and Opportunities = 186
• Financial Impacts and Opportunities = 186
• Operational Impacts and Opportunities = 186
• Marketing Impacts and Opportunities = 186
• 6.4 Residential Land Use = 186
• Single-Family Detached = 186
• Single-Family Semi-Detached = 189
• Single-Family Attached = 190
• Multifamily Residential = 192
• Site Design - Residential Development = 196
• 6.5 Nonresidential Land Use = 196
• Market Considerations = 196
• Design Considerations = 197
• 6.6 Retail = 198
• Free-Standing = 198
• Strip Centers = 198
• Retail Center = 199
• Retail Mall = 199
• Retail Center Design Considerations = 200
• Other Considerations = 203
• 6.7 Office Uses - Overview = 203
• Free-Standing = 204
• Office Park = 204
• Garden Office = 204
• Townhouse Office = 204
• Office Design Principles = 204
• 6.8 Industrial = 206
• Heavy Industry = 206
• Medium Intensity and General Industrial Use = 206
• Light Industrial = 207
• Special Industrial Use Patterns = 207
• Industrial／Office／Retail Hybrid Building Forms = 208
• References = 209
• CHAPTER 7 : PROJECT DESIGN : AN ITERATIVE PROCESS / Dennis Couture[A.S.L.A, R.L.A.]
• 7.1 Introduction = 211
• 7.2 Basis for Design = 212
• Development Program = 212
• The Site = 213
• Regulatory Controls = 213
• Design Team = 213
• 7.3 Traditional Steps in the Land Development Project Design Process = 215
• Feasibility and Programming = 215
• Site Analysis = 215
• Conceptual Design = 215
• Schematic Design／Preliminary Site Layout = 216
• Preliminary and Final Site Plans = 216
• 7.4 Design : Understanding of Basic Requirements = 216
• Design Elements = 216
• 7.5 Step by Step : The Design Process = 217
• Step 1 : Development Feasibility／Programming = 217
• Step 2 : Site Analysis = 218
• Step 3 : Conceptual Design = 228
• Step 4 : Schematic Design／Preliminary Lot Layout = 230
• 7.6 Preliminary Building Program Layout = 236
• Building Program Layout Considerations = 236
• 7.7 Project Design Process and Public Submissions = 238
• 7.8 Conclusion = 238
• References = 238
• CHAPTER 8 : MAPS, DRAWINGS, AND SPECIFICATIONS / John Matusik[P.E.]
• 8.1 Introduction = 239
• 8.2 Maps = 240
• Creating a Map = 241
• Lambert and Transverse Mercator Projections = 241
• 8.3 Legends and Scale = 241
• Bar Scales = 242
• Engineering and Architectural Scales = 243
• Selection of Scale = 244
• 8.4 Drawings = 246
• Orthographic Drawings(Multiview Projection) = 246
• Pictorial Projection Drawings = 249
• Microcomputer Graphics = 251
• 8.5 Types of Drawings Used in Land Design = 251
• Project Planning = 251
• Civil Site Drawings = 254
• Survey Drawings = 254
• Shop Drawings = 257
• Architectural Drawings = 257
• 8.6 Owner-Contractor Relationship = 261
• Contract Documents = 261
• Contract Drawings = 261
• Specifications = 261
• Bidding Documents = 261
• General Conditions = 262
• Technical Section = 262
• Writing Specifications = 262
• 8.7 Maps Frequently Used in Land Development Projects = 263
• References = 263
• CHAPTER 9 : SOILS / John Matusik[P.E.] ; Edward Boggs[P.E.]
• 9.1 Introduction = 265
• 9.2 Soil Indexing Properties = 265
• Phase Diagrams = 265
• Gradation = 268
• Atterberg Limits = 270
• 9.3 Methods of Classifying Soil = 273
• Pedologic Classification = 273
• Geologic Classification = 277
• Textural Classification = 282
• Unified Soil Classification System(ASTM D-2487) = 282
• AASHTO Classification System(ASTM D-3282) = 283
• 9.4 Soil Strength = 287
• Compaction = 288
• Proctor Tests = 290
• Controlled Fill = 290
• Methods of Monitoring Field Compaction = 298
• Compaction Equipment = 298
• California Bearing Ratio Test(ASTM D-1883) = 299
• Shear Strength = 299
• Slope Stability = 302
• 9.5 Problem Soils = 305
• Expansive Clays = 305
• Metastable Sails = 307
• Organic Soils = 307
• Dispersive Clays = 307
• Normally Consolidated Clays = 307
• Limestone = 308
• 9.6 Subsurface Investigation = 308
• Investigation Program = 308
• Depth of Exploration = 309
• Methods of Subsurface Exploration = 310
• The Soil Report = 311
• 9.7 Summary = 313
• 9.8 List of Selected ASTM Testing Methods = 313
• References = 315
• CHAPTER 10 : GRADING / John Matusik[P.E.]
• 10.1 Introduction = 317
• 10.2 Contour Grading = 317
• Description of Contour Lines = 317
• Characteristics of Contour Lines = 318
• Ground Slope = 319
• Contour Line Patterns for Constructed Surfaces = 320
• Plotting Street Contours = 323
• Spot Elevations = 325
• Cut and Fill = 325
• 10.3 Developing a Grading Strategy = 327
• Grading and Drainage = 327
• Grading and Aesthetics = 329
• Access for Disabled Individuals = 329
• Generalized Grading Analysis = 329
• 10.4 Establishing the Grading Plan = 330
• Grading and House Types = 330
• Siting the House and Grading the Lot = 334
• Grading in a Townhouse Development = 338
• Grading in Commercial Sites = 343
• 10.5 Earthwork = 343
• Cross Section Method(Average End Area) = 344
• Contour Method = 345
• Equal Planes Method = 352
• Grid Method(Borrow Pit Method) = 357
• Comparison of ETO Methods = 359
• 10.6 Adjustments to Earthwork Quantities = 361
• Topsoil = 361
• Subbase and Concrete Pads = 361
• Undercut = 362
• Utilities = 363
• Shrinkage = 363
• 10.7 Summary = 364
• References = 364
• CHAPTER 11 : WASTEWATER COLLECTION / Earnest Jennelle Ph.D.[P.E., L.L.S.]
• 11.1 Overview = 365
• Glossary of Terms = 366
• Parties Involved in the Planning and Design of Sewer Systems = 367
• 11.2 Design of Sewer Systems = 367
• Characteristics of Sewage = 367
• Quantity of Sewage = 368
• Variation in Sewage Flow = 369
• Sewer Hydraulics = 370
• Pipe Materials and Loads on Buried Conduits = 376
• Buried Conduits = 378
• Flexible Conduits = 382
• Superimposed Loads = 383
• Air Testing = 385
• Pipe Joints = 385
• Manholes = 385
• Building Spurs = 390
• 11.3 Design Example = 390
• Preliminary Investigation = 390
• Establishing Sewer Service Shed = 392
• Determining Average and Peak Flow = 393
• Line Design = 395
• Preparation of Construction Plans = 396
• 11.4 Pumping Stations = 398
• General = 398
• Location = 398
• Design Tyes = 398
• Components of a Pumping Station = 399
• Pump Selection = 405
• 11.5 Design of Sanitary Sewers within Subdivisions = 410
• General = 410
• Initial Investigation = 412
• The Preliminary Plan = 413
• Final Plan = 414
• Plan and Profile = 414
• 11.6 Pressure Sewers = 417
• References = 418
• CHAPTER 12 : CENTRAL AND ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS / Earnest Jennelle Ph.D.[P.E., L.L.S.]
• 12.1 On-Site Systems = 419
• General = 419
• Septic Tank = 420
• Disposal Methods = 421
• Mound Systems = 425
• Evapotranspiration(ET) and Evapotranspiration／Absorption(ETA) Beds = 428
• 12.2 On-Site Wastewater Treatment Followed by a Surface Discharge = 429
• General = 429
• Intermittent Sand Filtration = 429
• Biological Treatment = 431
• 12.3 Small Community Wastewater Treatment Plants = 435
• General = 435
• Pollutional Characteristics = 436
• Wastewater Treatment = 437
• Modifications to the Activated Sludge Processes = 441
• Air Requirements = 443
• Final Clarification = 444
• Disinfection = 444
• Process Design = 447
• 12.4 Tertiary Treatment = 452
• Filtration = 452
• Nitrogen and Phosphorus Control = 455
• References = 456
• CHAPTER 13 : WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS / John Matusik[P.E.]
• 13.1 Overview of a Water Supply System = 459
• 13.2 Water Use and Demand = 460
• Demand Forecasting = 460
• Residential Demand = 461
• Commercial Demand = 461
• Industrial Use = 462
• Other Uses = 462
• Peak Demand = 462
• 13.3 Design Requirements = 462
• Pressure Requirements = 462
• Fire Flaw Requirements = 464
• Estimating Fire Flow = 465
• Fire Flow Tests = 466
• Fire Duration Requirements = 466
• Distribution Storage = 467
• 13.4 System Components = 468
• Valves = 468
• Pipes, Joints, and Fittings = 472
• Fire Hydrants = 475
• Meters = 475
• 13.5 Considerations for Layout of the System = 476
• Pipe Network = 476
• Valve Locations = 477
• Fire Hydrant Location = 478
• Pipe Curvature = 479
• Service Connections = 479
• Connecting to an Existing Waterline = 480
• Cross Connections = 482
• 13.6 System Analysis = 484
• Pipe Flow = 484
• Minor Losses = 487
• Equivalent Pipe Lengths = 490
• Fixture Unit Method = 490
• Hardy-Cross = 493
• Thrust Restraint = 495
• 13.7 Groundwater Supply = 500
• Groundwater = 500
• Transmissivity and Cone of Depression = 501
• Well Construction = 503
• Well Components = 506
• Groundwater Contamination = 507
• 13.8 Development of the Contruction Plans = 508
• Preliminary Layout and System Modeling = 508
• The Water Main Plan and Profile = 510
• References = 512
• CHAPTER 14 : STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN / John Matusik[P.E.]
• 14.1 Introduction = 513
• 14.2 Legal Aspects of Drainage = 513
• Fundamental Water Doctrines for Diffused Surface Water = 514
• 14.3 Rainfall and Runoff = 515
• Statistics and Frequency Analysis = 516
• Exceedence Probability and Recurrence Interval = 518
• Design Storms = 519
• Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves = 520
• 14.4 Rational Method for Peak Discharge = 529
• Runoff Coefficient = 530
• Time of Concentration = 530
• Procedures for Culvert Design = 565
• Design Example for the Rational Method = 536
• 14.5 Open Channel Flow in Pipes and Channels = 537
• Energy Losses in Pipe Networks = 541
• Hydraulic Grade Line in Pipe Networks = 542
• 14.6 Pavement Drainage = 549
• Flow in Curb and Gutter = 549
• Inlets = 552
• Inlet Capacity = 552
• 14.7 Culverts = 556
• Components = 556
• Culvert Hydraulics = 558
• Inlet Control = 558
• Outlet Control = 559
• Procedures for Culvert Design = 565
• Culvert Design Example = 566
• 14.8 Storm Sewer Layout = 570
• Location of Inlets in Streets = 570
• Location of Inlets Outside of Paved Areas = 572
• Manholes = 572
• Pipe Design = 572
• 14.9 Procedure far Storm Sewer Design = 574
• 14.10 Final Results = 575
• References = 575
• CHAPTER 15 : STORMWATER MANAGEMENT / Dave Parker[P.E] ; Kathleen Schaefer[P.E.]
• 15.1 Introduction = 577
• 15.2 SCS Methodology for Computing Runoff = 579
• Rainfall = 580
• Runoff Volume Using Runoff Curve Numbers = 581
• Time of Concentration = 584
• Hydrographs = 588
• Unit Hydrographs = 588
• The SCS Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph = 590
• Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff Relationships = 591
• SCS Graphical Peak Discharge = 594
• 15.3 Design for Stormwater Quantity Control = 595
• Introduction = 595
• Site Location = 596
• Inflow Hydrographs = 596
• Estimating Required Storage Volume = 597
• Principal Spillway = 599
• Emergency Spillways = 603
• Maintenance Access = 603
• Hydrologic(Reservoir) Routing = 603
• Detention Pond Design Example = 607
• 15.4 Dam Design = 609
• Geotechnical Design Considerations = 609
• Spillway Design Considerations = 610
• Dam Safety = 611
• 15.5 Water Quality Management = 611
• Types of NPS Pollutants = 611
• Estimating Pollutant Loads and Concentrations = 613
• 15.6 Best Management Practices = 615
• Extended Detention(ED) Ponds = 617
• Wet Ponds = 622
• Infiltration Facilities = 626
• Water Quality Inlets = 629
• Sand Filters = 630
• Vegetative Practices = 634
• BMP Design Example = 634
• 15.7 Floodplain Studies = 635
• FEMA and the National Flood Insurance Program = 635
• Other Sources of Floodplain Information = 636
• Preparing a Floodplain Study = 636
• Presenting a Floodplain Study = 641
• References = 641
• CHAPTER 16 : SUBURBAN DESIGN / John Matusik[P.E.] ; Carlyle Blomme[R.L.S.]
• 16.1 Introduction = 645
• 16.2 Hierarchy of Streets = 645
• 16.3 Design Considerations = 648
• Traffic Volumes = 648
• Driver Characteristics = 651
• Vehicle Characteristics = 651
• Circulation and Access = 651
• Pedestrians = 654
• Intersections and Curb Cut Ramps = 654
• Stopping Sight Distance = 655
• 16.4 Cross-Sectional Elements for Local Streets = 657
• Profile Grade Line(PGL) = 657
• Lanes = 657
• Cross Slope = 657
• Medians = 658
• Curb and Gutter = 658
• Sidewalks and Utility Strips = 658
• Shoulders, Side Slopes, and Ditches = 659
• Pavement = 660
• Right-of-way Widths on Local Streets = 660
• Typical Section Drawing = 661
• 16.5 Horizontal Alignment = 661
• Circular Curves = 661
• Compound Curves = 663
• Reverse Curves = 664
• Superelevation = 664
• Transitions into and out of Superelevated Sections = 667
• Stopping Sight Distance(SSD) on Horizontal Curves = 668
• 16.6 Vertical Alignment = 669
• Vertical Curves = 669
• Sight Distance on Crest Vertical Curves = 673
• Sight Distance on Sag Vertical Curves = 675
• 16.7 Geometric Properties of At-Grade Intersections = 677
• T-Intersections = 678
• Four-Leg Intersections = 678
• Angle of Approach = 679
• Intersection Sight Distance = 679
• Spacing = 680
• Curb Return Radius = 681
• Profile Grade Line(PGL) at Intersections = 682
• Capacity at Intersections = 685
• Channelization = 685
• Crest and Sag Vertical Curves with Respect to Intersections = 686
• 16.8 Street Layout = 687
• Cul-de-sac Design = 688
• Typical Street Plan and Profile = 690
• Indicating Sight Distance on Plans and Profiles = 690
• Sample Design Criteria for Local Streets = 694
• References = 694
• CHAPTER 17 : EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL / John Matusik[P.E.]
• 17.1 Introduction = 695
• 17.2 Consequences of Excessive Erosion = 695
• Water Quality = 696
• Hydraulic Capacity and Storage = 696
• 17.3 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Process = 696
• Detachment and Transport = 697
• Sheet Flow = 697
• Rill Flow = 697
• Gullies = 698
• 17.4 Factors Influencing Soil Erosion = 698
• Soil Characteristics = 698
• Vegetation = 699
• Soil Erosion on Slopes = 699
• Soil Erosion from Snowmelt = 699
• 17.5 Erosion Control Measures = 699
• Site Management Measures = 700
• Structural Erosion Control Measures = 701
• 17.6 The Universal Soil Loss Equation = 711
• Rainfall Erosion Index(R) = 712
• Sail Erodibility Factor(K) = 712
• Length-Slope Factor(LS) = 712
• Cover Factor(C) = 716
• Erosion Control Practice Factor(P) = 716
• Limitations of USLE = 716
• 17.7 Sediment Trapping Facilities = 716
• Sediment Basins = 716
• Discrete Particle Settling Theory = 719
• Trap Efficiency = 720
• Drawdown Time = 723
• Increasing Detention Time with Baffles = 724
• Design Procedure for Sediment Basins = 725
• Sediment Traps = 725
• 17.8 Aesthetics and Safety of Discharge Areas = 726
• Discharging into Stabilized Areas = 726
• Sediment on Pavements = 726
• Dust Control = 727
• 17.9 Construction Sequencing = 729
• Clearing and Grubbing = 729
• Mass Grading = 729
• Rough Grading = 730
• Utility Installation = 730
• Finished Grades = 730
• 17.10 The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan = 730
• Developing the Plan Sheets = 731
• The Narrative = 733
• 17.11 Summary = 739
• References = 740
• CHAPTER 18 : COST ESTIMATES FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT / John Hummel[P.E.]
• 18.1 Introduction = 741
• 18.2 Purpose of Cost Estimates = 741
• Public Project Cost Estimates = 741
• Private Project Cost Estimates = 742
• 18.3 Types of Estimates = 742
• Feasibility Estimates = 742
• Preliminary Estimates = 744
• Construction Estimates = 747
• 18.4 Variables Affecting Cost = 749
• Size and Complexity of the Project = 749
• Specifics of the Site = 749
• Soils = 756
• 18.5 Accuracy Versus Cost for Estimates = 756
• 18.6 Sources of Unit Cost Data = 756
• 18.7 Engineering Economy = 758
• Interest Formulas = 758
• References = 762
• CHAPTER 19 : THE PLAN SUBMITTAL, REVIEW, AND APPROVAL PROCESS / H.S. Hulme Jr.[P.E.]
• 19.1 Introduction = 763
• 19.2 Professional Responsibility in the Plan Review Process = 764
• Public／Private Sector Relationship = 765
• 19.3 Local Jurisdiction Plan Review = 765
• General = 765
• Plan Distribution to Review Agencies = 765
• Administrative Requirements = 766
• Banding and Agreements = 767
• Permits = 767
• Plan Revisions and Record Documents = 767
• Meetings with Citizens = 768
• Meetings with Review Staff = 768
• 19.4 Plan Set Format and Sequencing = 769
• Cover Sheet = 769
• General Information Sheets = 769
• Specific Construction Sheets = 769
• Additional Construction Sheets = 769
• Nonconstruction Data Sheets = 769
• Typical Plan Types = 770
• Plan Type Submission Sequence = 770
• 19.5 Federal Review of Construction Plans and Permitting = 771
• Clean Water Act = 771
• Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA) and Final Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines(FFHAG) = 772
• National Environmental Protection Act(NEPA) = 773
• 19.6 State Review of Construction Plans and Permitting = 773
• 19.7 Quality Control = 773
• References = 774
• CHAPTER 20 : BOUNDARY SURVEYS FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT / Cariyle W. Blomme[R.L.S.]
• 20.1 Introduction = 775
• Property Surveying = 775
• Functions of the Property Surveyor = 776
• Legal Descriptions = 776
• 20.2 Surveys for Boundary Location = 777
• Encroachments and Gaps = 778
• Importance of the Survey in Land Development = 778
• Research of Land Records = 778
• Indexes to Land Records = 779
• The Title Search = 779
• Check of Adjoining Property = 781
• 20.3 Analysis of Information and Preparation of Composite Map = 781
• Monuments = 781
• Discrepancies = 782
• Preparation of the Field Map = 782
• 20.4 Application of Information to Actual Boundary Survey = 783
• Fieldwork = 783
• Fieldwork Standards = 784
• The Traverse Study = 784
• Easements = 784
• Grave Sites = 785
• Evidence of Possession = 786
• Office Work and Computations = 786
• Boundary Determination = 787
• 20.5 Legal Considerations in Boundary Determination = 787
• Possession = 788
• Senior Rights = 788
• Conflicting Title Elements = 788
• Boundaries by Agreement = 789
• Boundaries by Acquiescence = 789
• Boundaries by Estoppel = 789
• Party Walls and Line Fences = 789
• Evidence = 789
• 20.6 Assimilating and Organizing he Data = 791
• Checklist = 791
• Inform the Client = 792
• Prepare the Final Map and Description = 792
• References = 792
• CHAPTER 21 : REAL PROPERTY LAW / Cariyle W. Blomme[R.L.S.] ; J. Randall Minchew[Esq] ; Craig N. Thomas[Esq]
• 21.1 Understanding Law to Guide in Boundary Determination = 795
• Sources of Law = 795
• Introduction to Property Law = 797
• Classification of Property = 797
• 21.2 Types of Estates and the History of Their Origin = 798
• Modern Classification = 799
• Fee Simple Estates = 799
• Estates Not of Inheritance = 799
• Concurrent Ownership = 800
• Wills and Descent = 800
• 21.3 Ownership and Transfer of Title of Real Property = 800
• Deeds = 800
• Deed Descriptions = 801
• Adverse Possession = 801
• Easements = 802
• Eminent Domain = 804
• Dedication = 804
• Created Boundaries by Agreement = 804
• Created Boundaries by Acquiescence = 805
• Created Boundaries by Estoppel = 805
• Liens and Mortgages = 806
• Action for Ejectment = 806
• 21.4 Law of Evidence = 806
• Indispensable Evidence = 806
• Undisputed Evidence = 806
• Prima Facie Evidence = 806
• Additional Types of Evidence = 806
• Collecting Evidence = 807
• Consideration of Evidence = 807
• 21.5 Water Law = 807
• Riparian Rights = 807
• Surface Water = 808
• Subsurfacc Waters = 808
• 21.6 Land Use = 809
• Land Use Regulations = 809
• Ordinances = 809
• Restrictions = 809
• Subdivision Development = 810
• Shopping Centers = 811
• Industrial Parks = 811
• City and County Planning and Zoning = 811
• 21.7 Summary = 812
• References = 812
• CHAPTER 22 : SPECIFICATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS / Marc S. Cheves[L.S.]
• 22.1 Introduction = 815
• 22.2 Specifications = 815
• U.S.C.&G.S. Third Order = 815
• First and Second Order = 816
• Global Positionong Systems(GPS) = 816
• ALTA／ACSM Standards = 817
• National Map Accuracy Standars = 817
• Equipment Specifications = 819
• 22.3 Accuracy and Precision = 819
• 22.4 Type and Sources of Error = 819
• Systematic Errors = 819
• Natural Errors = 820
• Random Errors = 821
• Probability Theory = 821
• The DIN Spec = 822
• ACSM Classification and Specifications for Cadastral Surveys = 823
• 22.5 Adjustments = 823
• The Need for Adjustments = 823
• Horizontal Adjustments = 823
• Angular Adjustment = 823
• Error of Closure = 823
• Traditional Methods of Adjustment = 824
• The Transit Rule = 824
• The Crandall Method = 824
• The Compass Rule = 824
• Vertical Adjustments = 825
• 22.5 Least Squares = 825
• A Typical Least-Squares Adjustment = 827
• References = 837
• CHAPTER 23 : CONTROL SURVEYS / Carlyle W. Blomme[R.L.S.]
• 23.1 Introduction = 839
• 23.2 Projection Systems = 840
• Geodetic Control Surveys = 840
• Ellipsoid of Revolution = 840
• State Coordinate Systems = 840
• 23.3 Overview of System Use = 841
• Distance Reduction = 841
• Scale Reduction = 844
• Field Azimuths to Grid Azimuths = 847
• 23.4 Example Problem on the State Coordinate System = 851
• 23.5 Other Commonly Used Systems = 855
• Public Land Survey System = 855
• Universal Transverse Mercator Grid = 856
• Miscellaneous Control Systems = 857
• 23.6 Horizontal Control = 857
• System Design = 857
• Standards and Specifications = 858
• Not Keeping = 859
• Measurement of Angles = 859
• Distance Measurement = 859
• 23.7 Vertical Control = 860
• Monumentation = 861
• Network Design = 861
• Note Keeping = 861
• 23.8 Instrumentation and Field Methods = 862
• References = 862
• CHAPTER 24 : TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS / Carlyle W. Blomme[R.L.S.] ; Mary M. Root[L.L.S.] ; Eric V. Day[P.L.S.]
• 24.1 Introduction = 863
• 24.2 Planning Topographic Surveys = 863
• 24.3 Photogrammetry and Topographic Mapping = 864
• General Procedures = 864
• Vertical Photo Calculations = 864
• Photo Coordinates = 867
• Determination of Object Heights from Aerial Photographs = 868
• Finding Distance Between Points of Known Elevation = 868
• Determination of Air Base in Aerial Photogrammetry = 869
• 24.4 Field Methods for Topographic Mapping = 870
• General Procedures = 870
• The Total Station and the Data Collector = 871
• Electronic Mapping Using the Total Station = 872
• Coordinating Field and Office Procedures for Electronic Survey Systems = 875
• Alidade-Planetable Techniques = 876
• Field Checks With the Alidade-Planetable = 878
• 24.5 Baseline Topography = 879
• 24.6 Methods of Locating and Representing Topography = 882
• Rules That Control Drawing Contour Lines = 883
• Determining the Interval and Plotting Contour Lines = 884
• Color Used to Represent Topographical Relief = 886
• Topographic Map Uses = 887
• 24.7 Determination of Strike. and Dip of Outcrops = 887
• 24.8 Summary = 888
• References = 889
• CHAPTER 25 : CONSTRUCTION STAKEOUT SURVEYS / Mary Root[L.L.S.]
• 25.1 Introduction = 891
• Stakeout Markers = 891
• Stationing = 893
• Offsets = 891
• Leveling = 894
• Note Keeping = 896
• 25.2 Basic Procedures = 896
• Office Preparations = 896
• Field Procedures = 897
• Errors in Stakeout Surveys = 898
• Referencing Points in Construction Stakeout Surveys = 899
• Cutsheets = 899
• 25.3 Clearing Stakeout = 901
• 25.4 Grading = 902
• Street Grading = 902
• Slope Staking = 903
• Overlot Grading Stakeout = 904
• 25.5 Sanitary Sewer Stakeout = 904
• Sanitary Sewer Lateral Stakeout = 906
• Cutsheets for Sanitary Sewers and Sanitary Laterals = 907
• 25.6 Storm Sewer Stakeout = 907
• Storm Sewer Structures in Street Rights of Way = 907
• Outfalls and Storm Sewer Structures in Nonpaved Areas = 908
• Stormwater Retention and Detention Ponds = 909
• 25.7 Waterline Stakeout = 910
• Fire Hydrants = 910
• Valves and Other Waterline Fittings = 910
• Service Lines = 911
• 25.8 Curb and Gutter Stakeout = 913
• Curb Offsets Through Street Transitions = 913
• Cutsheets for Curb and Gutter = 913
• Curb and Gutter Stakeout in Townhouse and Parking Areas = 915
• 25.9 Building Stakeouts = 915
• Grading Stakeout for Buildings = 915
• Construction Stakeout for Buildings = 915
• Footing Stakeout = 916
• Brick Points = 917
• Single-Family Attached Units(Townhouses) = 919
• Commercial／Retail Buildings = 920
• As-Built Surveys = 920
• 25.10 Summary = 921
• References = 921
• CHAPTER 26 : GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM(GPS) SURVEYS / David F. Maune Ph.D.[C.P.]
• 26.1 Historical Background = 923
• Land Surveying Limitations = 923
• Satellite Surveying = 925
• GPS Issues = 926
• GPS - Coming of Age = 927
• 26.2 GPS Satellites = 927
• 26.3 GPS Receivers = 928
• Power Supply = 928
• Antenna = 928
• Clock = 928
• Code-Tracking Loop = 929
• Phase-Lock Loop = 929
• Navigation Processor = 929
• Control-Display Device = 929
• GPS Receiver Alternatives = 930
• Mobile GPS Receivers = 930
• 26.4 GPS Positioning Survey Procedures and Accuracies = 931
• Absolute Positioning = 931
• Differential Positioning = 931
• Carrier-Phase Measurements = 931
• 26.5 Very-High-Precision GPS Positioning Surveys = 932
• Static Differential Positioning = 932
• Stop-and-Go(Semikinematic) Positioning = 933
• Kinematic Positioning = 933
• Pseudokinematic Positioning = 933
• Rapid Static Positioning = 934
• Real-Time Kinematic Positioning = 934
• 26.6 GPS Project Planning and Execution = 934
• References = 934
• CHAPTER 27 : GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS(GIS) / David F. Maune Ph.D.[C.P.]
• 27.1 Introduction and History of GIS = 937
• Military GIS Development = 937
• Civilian GIS Development = 937
• GIS Terminology = 938
• 27.2 Digital Data Types = 939
• Spatial Data = 939
• Descriptive Data = 942
• Image Integration = 942
• 27.3 Raster Image Maps = 942
• Scanned Maps = 942
• Digital Orthophotos = 942
• Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery = 943
• 27.4 Vector Maps = 944
• Data Capture／Digitizing = 944
• Manual Digitizing = 944
• Scanning and Raster-to-Vector Conversion = 944
• COGO(Coordinate Geometry) = 946
• Rubber Sheeting = 946
• Edgematching = 946
• Building Topology = 947
• 27.5 Standard Products = 947
• Topographic Maps = 947
• DLG(Digital Line Graph) = 948
• TIGER(Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) System = 948
• DEM(Digital Elevation Model) = 948
• DTM(Digital Terrain Model) = 949
• DOQ／DOQQ(Digital Orthophoto Quad／Quarter-Quad) = 949
• 27.6 Advanced GIS Concepts = 949
• Object-Oriented GIS Technology = 949
• Dynamic Segmentation = 950
• 27.7 Related Technologies = 950
• LIS(Land Information System) = 950
• AM／FM(Automated Mapping／Facilities Management) = 950
• CAD／CARD(Computer-Aided Drafting／Computer-Aided Drafting and Design) = 950
• 27.8 GIS Comparison with Traditional Mapping Technology = 951
• Technical Drawings = 951
• Planimetric Maps = 951
• Topographic Maps = 951
• Quality Criteria = 952
• 27.9 Photogrammetry = 953
• Aerial Photography = 953
• Photogrammetric Methods = 954
• 27.10 Geographic Information System(GIS) Summary = 955
• Where to Start = 955
• Tips = 955
• References = 956
• CHAPTER 28 : CASE STUDY : UNION MILLS / Susan K. Yantis ; Lawrence A. McDermott ; Robert L. Green Jr.
• Part Ⅰ : Planning = 957
• 28.1 Introduction to Planning = 957
• 28.2 Participants in the Planning Process in Fairfax County = 960
• 28.3 Property History = 961
• 28.4 Site Analysis and Yield Studies = 966
• 28.5 The Planning Process of Union Mills - Background = 966
• Changing Market／Reevaluation of Land Use = 968
• Comprehensive Plan Amendment - Negotiations with Staff = 970
• Comprehensive Plan Amendment - Negotiations with Citizens = 970
• 28.6 The Rezoning = 973
• Negotiations with Staff = 976
• Negotiations with Citizens - Deadlock Issue = 976
• The Rezoning Revisited - Compromise = 977
• 28.7 Conclusion to the Planning Section = 980
• 28.8 Epilogue : Political Retrospect = 980
• Part Ⅱ : Engineering = 983
• 28.9 Introduction to Engineering = 983
• 28.10 Participants in the Engineering Design／Review Process = 983
• 28.11 The Engineering Process = 985
• Preliminary Engineering and Design = 985
• The Preliminary Plan = 987
• 28.12 Establishing Project Structure = 987
• Project Phasing = 988
• 28.13 Proceeding into Final Design = 988
• Infrastructure Elements／Off-site Impacts = 989
• Stormwater Management(SWM) and Best Management Practices(BMPs) = 993
• 28.14 Final Engineering Design Considerations = 994
• Overview = 994
• Typical Townhouse Section = 995
• Single-Family Detached House Sitings = 995
• Retail Center = 996
• 28.15 Engineering Section Summary Observations = 998
• References = 1000
• Appendix = 1001
• Index = 1007