REVIEW OF REGULATED, UNREGULATED AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM BIODIESEL FUELLED COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Compression-ignition (CI) engines have been utilised in transport and power generation sectors due to their excellent thermal efficiency, robustness and durability. However, the rapid depletion of crude oil reserves and environmental concerns have forced CI engines to be powered by alternative and environment-friendly renewable fuels. Biodiesel, which contains ~10 % (w/w) oxygen in its fuel molecules, has become a popular alternative fuel for CI engines. Biodiesel can be stored similar to mineral diesel. Hence it does not require a separate fuel distribution infrastructure. The fuel properties of biodiesel are very close to mineral diesel; hence conventional CI engines can be fueled with biodiesel/blends without major modifications in the engine hardware/software. It is also widely known that biodiesel in CI engines brings significant benefits of lower emissions such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter (PM). Since biodiesel is considered an attractive alternative fuel, there are many attempts to produce and utilise biodiesel in different applications from various feedstocks such as soybean, rapeseed, and waste cooking oil. Hence, it is necessary to understand the effects of biodiesel feedstocks and engine applications (operating conditions, engine type, etc.) on regulated and unregulated emissions. This paper reviews effects of biodiesel on regulated/unregulated/particulate matter (PM) emissions based on numerous experimental research studies in open literature conducted on a variety of engines using different biodiesels.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Agarwal, A. K., "Unregulated emissions and health risk potential from biodiesel (KB5, KB20) and methanol blend (M5) fuelled transportation diesel engines" 98 : 283-291, 2016

2 Gupta, J. G, "Unregulated and regulated emissions from biodiesel fuelled CRDI SUV engine" SAE 2015

3 Kosaka, H., "Two-dimensional imaging of ignition and soot formation processes in a diesel flame" 6 (6): 21-42, 2005

4 Tate, R. E., "The viscosities of three biodiesel fuels at temperatures up to 300 C" 85 (85): 1010-1015, 2006

5 Abdul-Khalek, I., "The influence of dilution conditions on diesel exhaust particle size distribution easurements" 563-571, 1999

6 Monyem, A, "The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions" 20 (20): 317-325, 2001

7 Han, M., "Soybean and coconut biodiesel fuel effects on combustion characteristics in a light-duty diesel engine" 2008

8 Tree, D. R, "Soot processes in compression ignition engines" 33 (33): 272-309, 2007

9 Ge, J. C, "Soot particle size distribution, regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil biodiesel blends" 13 (13): 5736-, 2020

10 Vander Wal, R. L, "Soot oxidation: Dependence upon initial nanostructure" 134 (134): 1-9, 2003

11 Siebers, D. L., "Scaling liquid-phase fuel penetration in diesel sprays based on mixing-limited vaporization" 703-728, 1999

12 Demirbas, A., "Relationships derived from physical properties of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels" 87 (87): 1743-1748, 2008

13 Patel, C., "Regulated, unregulated, and particulate emissions from biodiesel blend fueled transportation engine" 143 (143): 084501-, 2021

14 Cheung, C. S., "Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol" 43 (43): 4865-4872, 2009

15 Zervas, E., "Regulated and non-regulated pollutants emitted from two aliphatic and a commercial diesel fuel" 87 (87): 1141-1147, 2008

16 Shukla, P. C., "Physico-chemical speciation of particulates emanating from Karanja biodiesel fuelled automotive engine" 162 : 84-90, 2015

17 Burtscher, H., "Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review" 36 (36): 896-932, 2005

18 Karin, P., "Physical characterization of biodiesel particle emission by electron microscopy" SAE 2013

19 Öztürk, E., "Performance, emissions, combustion and injection characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with canola oil–hazelnut soapstock biodiesel mixture" 129 : 183-191, 2015

20 Raheman, H, "Performance of compression ignition engine with mahua (Madhuca indica) biodiesel" 86 (86): 2568-2573, 2007

21 Agarwal, D, "Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine" 27 (27): 2314-2323, 2007

22 Hirner, F. S., "Performance and emission evaluation of a small-bore biodiesel compression-ignition engine" 183 : 971-982, 2019

23 Bhuiya, M., "Performance and emission characteristics of binary mixture of poppy and waste cooking biodiesel" 110 : 523-528, 2017

24 Agarwal, A. K., "Particulate emissions from biodiesel fuelled CI engines" 94 : 311-330, 2015

25 Dwivedi, D., "Particulate emission characterization of a biodiesel vs diesel-fuelled compression ignition transport engine: A comparative study" 40 (40): 5586-5595, 2006

26 Eastwood, P., "Particulate Emissions from Vehicles" John Wiley & Sons 2008

27 Mosarof, M. H., "Optimization of performance, emission, friction and wear characteristics of palm and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends" 118 : 119-134, 2016

28 Hirner, F. S., "Nanostructure characterization of soot particles from biodiesel and diesel spray flame in a constant volume combustion chamber" 235 : 130-149, 2019

29 Fernando, S., "NOX reduction from biodiesel fuels" 20 (20): 376-382, 2006

30 Musculus, M. P., "Measurements of the influence of soot radiation on in-cylinder temperatures and exhaust NOX in a heavy-duty DI diesel engine" 845-866, 2005

31 Karavalakis, G., "Light vehicle regulated and unregulated emissions from different biodiesels" 407 (407): 3338-3346, 2009

32 Hwang, J., "Investigations on air-fuel mixing and flame characteristics of biodiesel fuels for diesel engine application" 206 : 1203-1213, 2017

33 Bryce, D., "Investigating the effect of oxygenated and aromatic compounds in fuel by comparing laser soot measurements in laminar diffusion flames with diesel-engine emissions" 493 : 150-156, 1999

34 Qu, L., "Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on oxidation reactivity and nanostructure of particulate matter from diesel engine" 181 : 389-395, 2016

35 Wei, L., "Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on combustion, unregulated gaseous emissions and particulate emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine" 127 : 175-185, 2017

36 Sayin, C., "Influence of injector hole number on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with biodiesel–diesel fuel blends" 61 (61): 121-128, 2013

37 Man, X. J., "Influence of engine load and speed on regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel" 180 : 41-49, 2016

38 Savic, N., "Influence of biodiesel fuel composition on the morphology and microstructure of particles emitted from diesel engines" 104 : 179-189, 2016

39 Krahl, J., "Influence of biodiesel and different designed diesel fuels on the exhaust gas emissions and health effects" 2447-2455, 2003

40 Salvi, A. A., "Impact of physical and chemical properties of alternative fuels on combustion, gaseous emissions, and particulate matter during steady and transient engine operation" 26 (26): 4231-4241, 2012

41 Yehliu, K., "Impact of fuel formulation on the nanostructure and reactivity of diesel soot" 159 (159): 3597-3606, 2012

42 Hwang, J., "HRTEM evaluation of primary soot particles originated in a small-bore biofuel compression-ignition engine" 159 : 113899-, 2019

43 Smith, O. I., "Fundamentals of soot formation in flames with application to diesel engine particulate emissions" 7 (7): 275-291, 1981

44 Chattopadhyay, S, "Fuel properties, engine performance and environmental benefits of biodiesel produced by a green process" 105 : 319-326, 2013

45 Joshi, R. M, "Flow properties of biodiesel fuel blends at low temperatures" 86 (86): 143-151, 2007

46 Takada, K., "Experimental study on unregulated emission characteristics of turbocharged DI diesel engine with common rail fuel injection system" SAE 2003

47 Geng, L., "Experimental study on spray characteristics, combustion stability, and emission performance of a CRDI diesel engine operated with biodiesel–ethanol blends" 7 : 904-915, 2021

48 Agarwal, A. K, "Experimental investigations of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Karanja oil blends fuelled DICI engine" 52 : 283-291, 2013

49 Agarwal, A. K, "Experimental investigations of performance and emissions of Karanja oil and its blends in a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine" 86 (86): 106-112, 2009

50 Singh, G., "Experimental investigations of combustion, performance and emission characterization of biodiesel fuelled HCCI engine using external mixture formation technique" 6 : 116-128, 2014

51 Yoon, S. H., "Experimental investigation on the fuel properties of biodiesel and its blends at various temperatures" 22 (22): 652-656, 2008

52 Di, Y., "Experimental investigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel blended with biodiesel from waste cooking oil" 407 (407): 835-846, 2009

53 Elsanusi, O. A., "Experimental investigation on a diesel engine fueled by diesel-biodiesel blends and their emulsions at various engine operating conditions" 203 : 582-593, 2017

54 Al-Dawody, M. F, "Experimental and computational investigations for combustion, performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel-diesel blends" 52 : 421-430, 2014

55 Haas, M. J., "Engine performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: A high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock" 15 (15): 1207-1212, 2001

56 Betha, R, "Emissions of particulate-bound elements from stationary diesel engine:Characterization and risk assessment" 45 (45): 5273-5281, 2011

57 Song, W. W., "Emissions of EC, OC, and PAHs from cottonseed oil biodiesel in a heavy-duty diesel engine" 45 (45): 6683-6689, 2011

58 Wang, W. G., "Emissions from nine heavy trucks fueled by diesel and biodiesel blend without engine modification" 34 (34): 933-939, 2000

59 Ketterer, J. E., "Emissions from compression ignition engines with animal-fat-derived biodiesel fuels" SAE 2014

60 Turrio-Baldassarri, L., "Emission comparison of urban bus engine fueled with diesel oil and ‘biodiesel’blend" 327 (327): 147-162, 2004

61 Kathirvelu, B., "Emission characteristics of biodiesel obtained from jatropha seeds and fish wastes in a diesel engine" 27 (27): 283-290, 2017

62 Peng, C. Y., "Effects of the biodiesel blend fuel on aldehyde emissions from diesel engine exhaust" 42 (42): 906-915, 2008

63 Özener, O., "Effects of soybean biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics" 115 : 875-883, 2014

64 Naber, J. D, "Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays" 82-111, 1996

65 Ghadikolaei, M. A., "Effects of engine load and biodiesel content on performance and regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine using contour-plot map" 658 : 1117-1130, 2019

66 Buyukkaya, E., "Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics" 89 (89): 3099-3105, 2010

67 Borillo, G. C., "Effectiveness of selective catalytic reduction systems on reducing gaseous emissions from an engine using diesel and biodiesel blends" 49 (49): 3246-3251, 2015

68 Cheung, C. S., "Effect of waste cooking oil biodiesel on the emissions of a diesel engine" 66 : 93-96, 2015

69 Agarwal, A. K., "Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing on spray characteristics and particulate size–number distribution in a biodiesel fuelled common rail direct injection diesel engine" 130 : 212-221, 2014

70 Kweon, C. B., "Effect of engine operating conditions on particle-phase organic compounds in engine exhaust of a heavy-duty direct-injection (DI)diesel engine" 460-476, 2003

71 Man, X. J., "Effect of diesel engine operating conditions on the particulate size, nanostructure and oxidation properties when using wasting cooking oil biodiesel" 66 : 37-40, 2015

72 Lapuerta, M., "Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions" 34 (34): 198-223, 2008

73 Ma, Y., "Effect of a homogeneous combustion catalyst on the nanostructure and oxidative properties of soot from biodiesel combustion in a compression ignition engine" 35 (35): 1947-1954, 2015

74 Dhar, A, "Effect of Karanja biodiesel blends on particulate emissions from a transportation engine" 141 : 154-163, 2015

75 Shibata, K., "EC/OC and PAHs emissions from a modern diesel engine with DPF regeneration fueled by 10%RME biodiesel" 19 (19): 1765-1774, 2019

76 Rohani, B., "Diesel Soot Morphology, Composition and Nanostructure in Conventional and Low Temperature Combustion Regimes" Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 2017

77 Knothe, G., "Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters" 86 (86): 1059-1070, 2005

78 Hwang, J., "Comprehensive assessment of soot particles from waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel in a compression ignition engine" 8 (8): 290-297, 2015

79 Puškár, M., "Complex analysis focused on influence of biodiesel and its mixture on regulated and unregulated emissions of motor vehicles with the aim to protect air quality and environment" 12 (12): 855-864, 2019

80 Zhang, J., "Comparison of particle emissions from an engine operating on biodiesel and petroleum diesel" 90 (90): 2089-2097, 2011

81 Lin, Y. C., "Comparison of PAH and regulated harmful matter emissions from biodiesel blends and paraffinic fuel blends on engine accumulated mileage test" 85 (85): 2516-2523, 2006

82 Bermúdez, V., "Comparative study of regulated and unregulated gaseous emissions during NEDC in a light-duty diesel engine fuelled with Fischer Tropsch and biodiesel fuels" 35 (35): 789-798, 2011

83 Patel, C., "Comparative compression ignition engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics, and trace metals in particulates from Waste cooking oil, Jatropha and Karanja oil derived biodiesels" 236 : 1366-1376, 2019

84 Patel, C., "Combustion, noise, vibrations and spray characterization for Karanja biodiesel fuelled engine" 106 : 506-517, 2016

85 Qi, D. H., "Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil" 34 (34): 2706-2713, 2009

86 Glassman, I., "Combustion" Academic press 2014

87 Twigg, B. M. V, "Cleaning the air we breathe‐controlling diesel particulate emissions from passenger cars" 53 (53): 27-34, 2009

88 Jedynska, A., "Chemical characterization of biofuel exhaust emissions" 116 : 172-182, 2015

89 Alptekin, E, "Characterization of the key fuel properties of methyl ester–diesel fuel blends" 88 (88): 75-80, 2009

90 Zhang, X., "Characteristics of combustion and emissions in a DI engine fueled with biodiesel blends from soybean oil" SAE 2008

91 Correa, S. M, "Carbonyl emissions in diesel and biodiesel exhaust" 42 (42): 769-775, 2008

92 Zervas, E., "C1–C5organic acid emissions from an SI engine: Influence of fuel and air/fuel equivalence ratio" 35 (35): 2746-2751, 2001

93 Karavalakis, G., "Biodiesel emissions profile in modern diesel vehicles Part 2: Effect of biodiesel origin on carbonyl, PAH, nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH emissions" 409 (409): 738-747, 2011

94 Fang, T., "Biodiesel combustion in an optical HSDI diesel engine under low load premixed combustion conditions" 88 (88): 2154-2162, 2009

95 Jung, Y., "Assessment of particulate matter in exhaust gas for biodiesel and diesel under conventional and low temperature combustion in a compression ignition engine" 165 : 413-424, 2016

96 Calcote, H. F., "Are ions important in soot formation?" 2 (2): 494-504, 1988

97 Hwang, J., "Application of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel in a compression ignition engine" 176 : 20-31, 2016

98 Ali, O. M., "Analysis of blended fuel properties and engine performance with palm biodiesel–diesel blended fuel" 86 : 59-67, 2016

99 How, H. G., "An investigation of the engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of coconut biodiesel in a high-pressure common-rail diesel engine" 69 : 749-759, 2014

100 Usta, N., "An experimental study on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester" 46 (46): 2373-2386, 2005

101 Hwang, J., "An experimental investigation on spray characteristics of waste cooking oil, jatropha, and Karanja biodiesels in a constant volume combustion chamber" SAE 2016

102 Chauhan, B. S., "A study on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel and its blends" 56 : 1-7, 2013

103 Dec, J. E., "A conceptual model of DL diesel combustion based on laser-sheet imaging" 1319-1348, 1997

104 Pillay, A. E., "A comparison of trace metal profiles of neem biodiesel and commercial biofuels using high performance ICP-MS" 97 : 385-389, 2012