Language change, variation, and universals : a constructional approach

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Acknowledgments = ix
• Preface = xi
• List of Abbreviations = xv
• PART I FOUNDATIONS
• 1 Overview = 3
• 1.1 The problem = 3
• 1.2 Constructions = 9
• 1.2.1 Basics = 9
• 1.2.2 Constructions are not derivations = 12
• 1.3 Antecedents = 14
• 2 Constructions = 16
• 2.1 Introduction = 16
• 2.2 What a grammar is for = 16
• 2.3 A framework for constructions = 19
• 2.3.1 Representing constructions = 19
• 2.3.2 Licensing = 27
• 2.3.3 Linear order = 28
• 2.4 Appendix : Formalizing constructions = 31
• 2.4.1 Representations on tiers = 31
• 2.4.2 Connections between tiers = 36
• 2.4.3 Licensing via instantiation = 36
• 3 Universals = 41
• 3.1 Classical Universal Grammar = 41
• 3.1.1 Core grammar = 42
• 3.1.2 Parameters = 44
• 3.1.3 UG and emerging grammars = 46
• 3.2 Another conception of universals = 50
• 3.3 On the notion `possible human language' = 53
• 3.3.1 Possible constructions = 53
• 3.3.2 An example : Negation = 56
• 3.3.3 Another example : The imperative = 61
• 3.4 Against uniformity = 66
• 4 Learning, complexity, and competition = 68
• 4.1 Acquiring constructions = 68
• 4.2 Constructional innovation = 75
• 4.3 Constructions in competition = 77
• 4.3.1 Multiple grammars vs. multiple constructions = 78
• 4.3.2 Denning competition = 81
• 4.3.3 When do we actually have competition? = 86
• 4.4 Economy = 87
• 4.4.1 Representational complexity = 88
• 4.4.2 Computational complexity = 90
• 4.4.3 Interpretive complexity = 96
• 4.5 Simulating competition = 100
• 4.6 Summary = 106
• PART II VARIATION
• 5 Argument structure = 111
• 5.1 Introduction = 111
• 5.2 Argument structure constructions (ASCs) = 112
• 5.2.1 Devices = 112
• 5.2.2 CS features = 118
• 5.3 Differential marking = 120
• 5.3.1 Differential subject marking = 120
• 5.3.2 Differential object marking = 130
• 5.4 Modeling differential marking = 133
• 5.4.1 Acquisition of ASCs = 134
• 5.4.2 Simulation = 139
• 5.5 Summary = 144
• 6 Grammatical functions = 145
• 6.1 Introduction = 145
• 6.2 The notion of `subject' = 146
• 6.3 Morphologically rich ASCs = 147
• 6.3.1 Plains Cree argument structure = 148
• 6.3.2 Incorporation = 152
• 6.3.3 Complexity in ASCs = 156
• 6.4 Split intransitive = 158
• 6.5 The emergence of grammatical functions = 160
• 6.6 Summary = 165
• 7 A' constructions = 166
• 7.1 Foundations = 166
• 7.2 Doing A' work = 169
• 7.2.1 Gaps and chains = 169
• 7.2.2 Relatives = 174
• 7.2.3 Topicalization = 175
• 7.3 Scope in situ = 177
• 7.3.1 Wh-in-situ = 178
• 7.3.2 In situ in polysynthesis = 180
• 7.3.3 Other in situ = 182
• 7.3.4 Cryptoconstructional in situ = 183
• 7.4 Extensions of A'constructions = 183
• 7.5 Toward an A constructional typology = 189
• 7.6 Summary = 194
• PART III CHANGE
• 8 Constructional change in Germanic = 197
• 8.1 Introduction = 197
• 8.2 Basic clausal constructions of Modern German = 198
• 8.2.1 Initial position in the clause = 200
• 8.2.2 Position of the finite verb in the main clause = 202
• 8.2.3 Position of the verb in a subordinate clause = 203
• 8.2.4 Position of the verb in questions = 203
• 8.3 The development of English = 204
• 8.3.1 The position of the verb = 205
• 8.3.2 The `loss' of V2 in English = 208
• 8.3.3 The loss of case marking = 213
• 8.4 The development of Modern German from Old High German = 215
• 8.5 Verb clusters = 219
• 8.6 Conclusion = 223
• 9 Changes outside of the CCore = 225
• 9.1 English reflexives = 225
• 9.1.1 Reflexivity in constructions = 225
• 9.1.2 Variation and change in reflexive constructions = 227
• 9.2 Auxiliary do = 230
• 9.2.1 The emergence of do = 230
• 9.2.2 The spread of do = 234
• 9.3 Preposition stranding = 235
• 9.3.1 Whyp-stranding? = 235
• 9.3.2 P-passive = 237
• 9.3.3 Coercion = 239
• 9.4 Conclusion = 241
• 10 Constructional economy and analogy = 242
• 10.1 The elements of style = 244
• 10.2 Analogy = 249
• 10.2.1 Maximizing economy = 250
• 10.2.2 Routines = 252
• 10.2.3 Pure style = 257
• 10.3 Beyond parameters : Capturing the style = 262
• 10.3.1 Baker's Polysynthesis Parameter = 262
• 10.3.2 Greenberg's universals = 264
• 10.3.3 Non-Greenbergian universals = 267
• 10.4 Summary = 272
• 11 Recapitulation and prospects = 274
• References = 274
• Language Index = 309
• Author Index = 311
• Subject Index = 316