Revisiting Community Control of Land and Housing in the Wake of Covid-19 = Revisiting Community Control of Land and Housing in the Wake of Covid-19

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미국은 심각한 토지 및 주택 위기를 오랫동안 겪고 있다. 여러 지역사회에서 주거비용상승에 따른 수십 년 동안의 인종차별적이고 배타적인 공공정책은 저임금 및 높은 부채 부담과 같은 여러 구조적인 경제 문제와 뒤섞여, 인종 및 세대적 불평등을 심화시키고, 비자발적 이주와 지역사회 불안정을 야기하였다.
코비드-19의 대유행은 집값 상승과 더불어 다른 한편으로는 수백만 명의 사람들이 임대료나 주택저당대출을 감당할 수 없는 이중 현상을 장기적인 추세로 악화시켜, 젊은 거주자들과 소외된 공동체에 추가적인 압박을 가하고 있다. 이러한 위기를 해결하기 위해 주택 건축 확대, 고밀도 구역제, 저가주택확보 등 전통적 시장 기반 전략이 증가하고 있으나, 이러한 것은 빈곤 감소ㆍ인종 및 경제적 불평등 역전의 관점과 비자발적 이주ㆍ기후변화 대처라는 측면에서는 불충분하거나 비실용적이어서 바람직하지 않다. 따라서 영구적인 구입능력, 지역사회 소유 및 통제, 탈상품화라는 장기적인 목표의 중심을 이루는 새로운 접근법과 이를 뒷받침하는 제도가 시급하다. 다행히도 이러한 대안들 중 많은 것들이 이미 존재하고 있으며 미국에서 효과가 있다는 것이 입증되었다. 여기에는 공동체토지신탁(CLT:Community Land Trusts), 지분제한 형 주택협동조합(LEC:Limited Equity Cooperative), 민간 지역사회개발 회사(CDC:Community Development Corporation), 주민소유커뮤니티 (ROC:Resident Owned Community), 민주적 공공주택 등이 포함된다. 더욱이 이러한 대체제도에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라, 몇 가지 새로운 혁신, 하이브리드 모델 및 입법, 법률 및 규정 등의 변화로, 향후 몇 년 내에 대규모로 이러한 제도를 도입할 가능성이 있다.
이 논문은 저자가 2018년에 ‘토지 및 주택에 대한 지역사회 통제: 비자발적 이주 방지, 소유권 확대 및 지역사회 부의 구축을 위한 전략적 모색’이라는 공동집필 및 제작한 보고서를 수정한 것이다. 먼저 COVID-19 대유행의 현실화와 잠재적 영향에 초점을 맞추어 불평등, 접근 불가능성, 비자발적 이주에 대한 장기적인 추세와 미국 토지 및 주택 시스템의 현황을 살펴본다. 다음으로 시장에 기반을 둔 위기에 대한 다양한 해결책과 그러한 것들이 충분한 해결책이 되지 못한다는 점에 대하여 간략하게 서술한다. 그리고 마지막으로 이 논문은 여러 제도들의 범위와 규모를 확대하는데 도움이 되는 새로운 혁신 및 조정과 더불어 다양한 커뮤니티 소유권 및 통제모델에 대한 소개로 결론을 맺는다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The United States is experiencing an acute, long-term land and housing crisis. Decades of racist and exclusionary public policy along with rising housing costs in many communities has intersected with other structural economic problems, such as low wages and high debt loads, to drive up racial and generational inequality and supercharge displacement and community instability.
The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated these long-term trends, with the dual phenomena of rising home prices, on the one hand, and millions of people unable to afford their rent or mortgage payments, on the other, putting additional pressure on younger residents and marginalized communities. Many of the traditional market-based strategies being advanced to address this crisis - such as increased homebuilding, higher density zoning, and affordable housing set asides - are demonstrably insufficient, impractical, or inadvisable from the perspective of reducing poverty, reversing racial and economic inequality, preventing displacement, and addressing climate change. New approaches and institutions that center permanent affordability, community ownership and control, and the long-term goal of decommodification are urgently needed. Fortunately, many of these alternatives already exist and have been proven to work in the United States. These include Community Land Trusts (CLTs), Limited Equity Cooperatives (LECs), Community Development Corporations (CDCs), Resident Owned Communities (ROCs), and democratized public housing. Moreover, increasing interest in these alternative institutions has resulted in several new innovations, hybrid models, and legislative, legal, and regulatory shifts that have the potential to lead to larger-scale adoption in the years ahead.
This paper adapts and builds from a report that the author co-wrote and produced in 2018 called: Community Control of Land and Housing: Exploring strategies for combating displacement, expanding ownership, and building community wealth. It first looks at the current state of the US land and housing system, focusing on long-term trends around inequality, inaccessibility, and displacement, as well as the realized and potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It next briefly reviews various mainstream, market-based “solutions” to the crisis and why they are largely insufficient. The paper then concludes with an introduction to a variety of community ownership and control models, along with new innovations and interventions that are helping to increase their scope and scale.

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