딸기 육묘기 완효성비료 공급량에 따른 묘소질, 개화반응 및 수량 특성 = Daughter Plant Growth, Flowering and Fruit Yield in Strawberry in Response to Different Levels of Slow Release Fertilizer During the Nursery Period

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 딸기 자묘를 육묘하는 기간에 완효성 비료의 공급량을 달리하였을 때 자묘생육, 개화반응 및 정식 후 수량에 미치 는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. ‘매향’과 ‘설향’의 모주를 2013년 4월 5일에 정식하여 24공 육묘트레이(cell 용량135mL)에 자묘를 증식하였다. 육묘용 상토에 혼합하는 완효성 비료(N-P-K, 11-11-17, 비료용출기간 6주)의 양을 4수준으로 달리하여, 자묘 1주당 공급하는 질소, 인산, 칼륨의 양이 각각 25-11-32mg(이하 25-11-32), 50-22-63mg(이하 50-22-63),100-43-127mg(이하 100-43-127)이 되도록 처리하였다. 육묘기간 비료 공급량이 많을수록 자묘의 관부직경, 엽면적 그리고 건물중이 증가하였다. 또한, 생체중 30g 이상 대묘의 비율이 높아졌고, 20g 이하 소묘의 비율은 감소하였다. 비료 공급량이 많을수록 잎의 N, P, K 함량이 높아졌다. ‘매향’의 화아분화일은 0-0-0, 25-11-32, 50-22-63 처리에서 9월 13일로 빨랐다. 처리구100-43-127에서는 제1화방의 출뢰가 약 11일이 늦었지만, 그 후 제2화방 출뢰까지의 소요일수가 9일 단경기 단축되었다. ‘설향’의 화아분화일은 0-0-0 처리구에서 9월 13일로 가장 빨랐고, 25-11-32 처리구에서 4일, 50-22-63 처리구에서 9일, 그리고 100-43-127 처리구에서 19일이 지연되었다. 수확개시일도 0-0-0 처리구와 비교하여, 50-22-63와 100-43-127 처리구에서는 각각 10일, 27일이 늦어졌다. 육묘기간 비료 공급량이 적을수록 수확개시가 빨라져 판매가격이 높은 11월부터 1월까지의 수량 이 많았다. 100-43-127 처리구에서 ‘매향’은 1월-2월 수량이 다른 처리보다 많았으나 ‘설향’은 1월에 급격히 증가하였다가 2월에는 감소하였다. 다음해 5월까지 ‘매향’의 총수량은 육묘기간 비료 공급량에 따라 큰 차이가 없이, 3,339-3,519kg 범위였다. ‘설향’의 총수량은 0-0-0 처리구가 5,106kg으로 가장 많았고, 50-22-63과 100-43-127 처리구에서는 약 12%가 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아, 육묘기간 비료 공급량이 많을수록 화아분화와 수확개시가 지연되었다. ‘설향’과 같이 비료 공급량에 민감한 경우, 육묘기 질소(N) 공급량이 50mg 이상 많아지면 개화가 지연되고, 그것은 1화방의 과도한 착과와 총수량이 감소하는 결과를 초래하였다. 비료 공급량에 둔감한 품종의 경우, 육묘기간 비료공급을 늘리면 제1화방의 출뢰는 다소 지연되지만 제2화방 출뢰 소요일수가 단축되어 조기에 수량을 많이 얻을 수 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fertilization dosage on seedling growth, flowering response, and fruit yield of strawberry plants. Mother plants of the ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Seolhyang’ were planted on April 5, 2013. Daughter plantlets were proliferated in seedling trays with 24 cells. Each conical cell consisted of a 135 mL cup filled with a mixture of substrate and commercial fertilizer (11-11-17, 6 weeks, Osmocote®) at four different ratios: 1) N, P, K was supplied at 0-0-0 mg per daughter plantlet, 2) 25-11-32 mg, 3) 50-22-63 mg, and 4) 100-43-127 mg.
Higher fertilization levels produced plantlets with increased crown diameter, leaf area and dry weight. Increased fertilization levels resulted in more large- and medium-sized plantlets and less small-sized plantlets. The N, P and K contents in the leaves also increased. The flower bud initiation time of ‘Maehyang’ plants treated with N, P, K at 0-0-0 mg, 25-11-32 mg, and 50-22-63 mg was earlier (September 13) than the flower bud initiation time of plants with N, P, K at 100-43-127 mg.
The first flower budding time of ‘Maehyang’ plants treated with N, P, K at 100-43-127 mg was delayed by 11 days, but the second flower budding time was shortened by 9 days. The flower bud initiation of ‘Seolhyang’ plants occurred later when the level of fertilization was increased. The date of flower bud initiation was the earliest (September 13) under N, P, K at 0-0-0 mg treatment, and it was delayed by 4, 9, and 19 days in response to treatment with N, P, K at 25-11-32 mg, 50-22-63 mg, and 100-43-127 mg, respectively. The first harvesting time under treatment with N, P, K at 50-22-63 mg and 100-43-127 mg was delayed by 10 and 27 days, respectively. Both cultivars showed earlier first harvesting time with lower fertilization levels, resulting in increased fruit yield from November to January. For ‘Maehyang’ plants, the yield under N, P, K at 100-43-127 mg treatment was the highest in January and Febuary. However, for ‘Seolhyang’ plants, the yield was the highest in January but the lowest in February. The total yield of ‘Maehyang’ plants (from November to May) under the four different fertilizer treatments was not different, ranging from 3,339 to 3,518 kg. However, for ‘Seolhyang’ plants, the total yield was the highest (5,106 kg) under the N, P, K treatment at 0-0-0 mg, and it was reduced by approximately 12% in the treatments with N, P, K at 50-22-63 and 100-43-127 mg. These results show that increased fertilization levels delayed the initiation time of the first inflorescence and the first harvesting time. For cultivars that are sensitive to nitrogen fertilization levels such as ‘Seolhyang’, fertilization levels higher than 50 mg nitrogen during seedling period, could delay flowering and cause excessive fruit load of the first cluster and result in reduced total fruit yield. For cultivars such as ‘Maehyang’ which are less sensitive to nitrogen fertilization levels, higher fertilization levels could promote successive flower budding, thus increasing an early yield with higher market value.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 전하준, "저온암흑처리가 국내 육성 신품종 딸기의 화아분화에 미치는 영향" 한국원예학회 31 (31): 726-731, 2013

2 김대영, "딸기 ‘설향’ 육묘기 양분 공급 중단 시기가 자묘 생육 및 수량에 미치는영향" (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 22 (22): 421-426, 2013

3 최종명, "‘매향’ 딸기의 칼륨 영양진단을 위한 결핍증상 및 식물체 내 한계농도" 한국원예학회 27 (27): 226-232, 2009

4 최종명, "Visual Symptom and Tissue Nutrient Contents in Dry Matter and Petiole Sap for Diagnostic Criteria of Phosphorus Nutrition for ‘Seolhyang’ Strawberry Cultivation" 한국원예학회 54 (54): 52-57, 2013

5 Manakasem Y, "Using the floral status of strawberry plants, as determined by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to survey the phenology of commercial crops" 123 : 513-517, 1998

6 Savini G, "Strawberry architectural model" 649 : 169-176, 2004

7 Shimomura K, "Reduction of flowering delay of the primary axillary inflorescence of strawberry 'Fukuoka S6' by fertilization and maintaining plants for extended period in a nursery" 15 : 59-66, 2016

8 Uematsu, Y, "Principles and practices in strawberry cultivation" Seibundo-shinkosha 8-16, 1998

9 Sonsteby A, "Interaction of short day and timing of nitrogen fertilization on growth and flowering of 'Korona' strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ananassa Duch.)" 123 : 204-209, 2009

10 Jiwei Ruan, "Influence of Short Day Treatment on Autumn Fruit Production of June-bearing Strawberry Cultivars" 한국원예학회 52 (52): 259-264, 2011

11 최기영, "Improving Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency during the Production of Strawberry in Coir Substrate Hydroponics using a FDR Sensor-Automated Irrigation System" 한국원예학회 57 (57): 431-439, 2016

12 Yoshida, "Flower bud differentiation and flowering of tray grown strawberry ‘Nyoho’ as affected by plant age and the duration of nutrient starvation" 99 : 49-53, 2010

13 Takeuchi T, "Effects of nursing methods on growth and yield of strawberry cultivar ‘Benihoppe’" 1 : 1-10, 2008

14 Nishizawa T, "Comparison of carbohydrate partitioning patterns between fruiting and de-florated june bearing strawberry plants" 62 : 795-800, 1994

15 Inoue K, "Appropriate nitrogen content in young plants to induce flower bud initiation on new forcing culture of strawberry 'Toyonoka' using cooling in summer season" 13 : 1-5, 1994

16 Fumiomi T, "A method for increasing fall flowering in short-day ‘Carmine’ strawberry" 41 : 480-481, 2006