This study intends to analyze architectural characteristics, change process, spatial characteristics, scale and spatial change process of station facilities which were built with development of railroads from the port-opening in 1876 to the Korean War...
This study intends to analyze architectural characteristics, change process, spatial characteristics, scale and spatial change process of station facilities which were built with development of railroads from the port-opening in 1876 to the Korean War. For achieving this objective, 24 stations were set up as research targets, as they deserve to be preserved as modern railway facilities existing in six railway lines that go through Kyung-buk Province.
For this study, related literatures and architectural drawings of targeted stations possessed by the National Railroad Administration were surveyed. For stations with no drawings, on-the-spot survey was carried out. Based on surveyed results, station spaces were classified according to architectural standards including standard equilibrium of standard design of the early railway station, by analyzing characteristics of each station space. Also, the relation between building scale for areal composition of station and standard equilibrium designated in standard design were analyzed and then, periodical flow of spaces and their architectural characteristics were examined, by observing how the internal and external spaces of the early station facilities have changed as the generation went by.
Findings extracted from survey and analysis are as follows;
Firstly, it was found that station facilities considering convenience of users have been developed after the 1930s, although their construction was based on by uniform regulations of scale in its early years. Also, stations' architecture facade has been less changed than their scale and functions, and forms of roots and front entrances have been mainly changed.
Secondly, it was analyzed that buildings which considered changes in freight volume and convenience of users as regulation components of architecture, have been constructed, and that architectural materials were adopted based on convenience and functionality of passengers after the 1930s. In particular, when comparing plane shapes and facade structures of stations built during Japanese occupation period with those built in Kyung-buk Province after the liberation, there was no big difference between them, but facade and plane structures were somewhat flexible according to stations' functions.
Thirdly, although there was no station constructed based on uniform area distribution by classification standard of 「A․B․C․D」 types in Japanese ruling era, most of stations built after the 1930s had 「C and D」 types, and scale of waiting rooms and rooms for station employees was slightly different, depending on the main functions of stations. In addition, sanitary spaces were added to waiting rooms, or waiting rooms were expanded in stations built after the liberation. Especially, it was shown that sanitary spaces were installed in night watchman's rooms where are spaces for station employees.
Fourthly, most of stations had wooden structures, but some of them were organized with masonry structures. For wooden buildings, it is considered that in early days, their walls were made with soil mixed with straws and the outside was finished with siding walls after weaving frames with bamboo and wooden lath. On the other hand, bricks(red bricks or cement bricks) were used most frequently for stations with masonry structures as the main materials, and most of walls were finished with wire mesh mortar.
Fifthly, while station facilities constructed in early days had +-shaped Matbe(gable) roofs, stations built after the liberation preferred T-shaped Matbe(gable) roots. This result shows that roof shape was somewhat related to stations' scale. It was also analyzed that cement roof tiles were used a lor for the initial stations, but asphaltic shingles or slates were preferred in modern stations to improve the beauty of the view, or maintain them effectively.
In conclusion, we need to discover exact data of stations constructed and conserve them thoroughly, since station is an important cultural heritage which needs to be respected as a building of modern times. We therefore have to develop more various methods to preserve stations effectively. Also, more data should be collected on a national scale and analyzed synthetically, as this research is limited to stations located in Kyung-buk Province only.