코로나19에 맞선 동남아의 대응: 초기 대처과정의 잠정적 함의

국문 초록 (Abstract)

입국통제와 지역봉쇄, 일련의 거리두기 조치로 요약되는 각국 정부의 코로나19 대응책은 적용 시기와 범위, 강도 면에서 차이가 있고, 그 결과는 연일 집계되는 확진건수와 사망건수의 차이로 가시화되고 있다. 본 논문은 이 점에 주목하여 동남아 각국 정부가 내놓은 코로나19 대응책의 시계열적 변화와 보건의료역량에 대한 비교검토를 통해 초기대응과 방역 성패 간의 관계를 논의하고자 한다.
베트남과 싱가포르, 브루나이 등의 국가가 이룩한 성과는 방역의 핵심이 감염 확산 전 초기 단계에서의 치밀한 검역과 적극적인 진단, 공중보건의료역량의 신속하고 전면적인 동원임을 말해준다. 반면 조기에 감염 확산을 막지 못한 국가들의 경우 강도 높은 사회통제 조치에 의존한 결과 사회안전망의 위기와 의료체계의 과부하에 따른 사망자 속출 사태에 직면하기에 이르렀다. 코로나19 사태는 감염병대응전략이 보편적 건강보장과 사회안전망의 강화를 위한 노력에 기초해야 한다는 사실을 일깨워주고 있다.
코로나19의 초국적 전개는 감염 확산을 억제하기 위한 국제사회의 공조와 협력을 긴급한 과제로 호출하고 있다. 4월 14일 개최된 아세안+3(한·중·일) 특별화상정상 회의는 코로나19에 대한 공동대응과 포스트 팬데믹 회복을 위한 국제적 공조의 첫 걸음으로 평가할 수 있다. 동아시아가 코로나19 시대의 ‘희망지대’로 부상한 지금이야말로 위기공동대응체계의 실질적 가동을 위한 노력에 박차를 가할 때다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Government responses to COVID-19, which are summarized by immigration control, lockdown, and a series of distance-keeping measures, differ in terms of the time, scope, and intensity of their application, and the results are visualized by the differences in the number of confirmed cases and death toll every day. This paper, focusing on this point, attempts to analyze the relationship between the initial responses of the COVID-19 put forward by governments in Southeast Asian countries and their achievements.
Countries such as Vietnam, Singapore and Brunei have successfully contained the spread of the virus, and the achievements of these countries indicates that the meticulous quarantine and proactive diagnosis at the ‘early stage’ before the spread of infection, and the rapid and comprehensive mobilization of public health capabilities are key to curbing the spread of the infection. However, countries that failed to prevent the spread of the virus at the early stage, belatedly implemented high-intensity social control measures, but faced a death toll spike due to the overload of the medical system. The COVID-19 crisis reminds us that the infectious disease response strategy should be based on efforts to strengthen universal health coverage system and social safety nets.
The transnational development of COVID-19 calls for international cooperation and coordination to curb the spread of infection as an urgent task. The Special ASEAN+3(the Republic of Korea, China and Japan) Summit on COVID-19 via videoconference on 14 April, can be evaluated as the first step in international cooperation for joint response to COVID-19 and post-pandemic recovery. Now that East Asia has emerged as the “hope zone” of the COVID-19 era, it is time to accelerate efforts to put the joint crisis response system into action.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문요약
• Ⅰ. 들어가며
• Ⅱ. 감염 확산 추이와 국가별 편차
• Ⅲ. 국가의 질병 통제 정책
• Ⅳ. 의료 역량의 준비와 동원
• Ⅴ. 잠정적 평가와 과제
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 민영규, "코로나19 확산 아시아 각국, ‘사회적 거리 두기’ 강화" 매일경제

2 정인환, "코로나19 무풍지대? 미얀마 첫 확진자 나와" 한겨레

3 허완, "코로나19 단속 : 필리핀에서 이동금지령을 어기면 현장에서 사살될 수도 있다" Huffpost

4 푸코, 미셸, "임상의학의 탄생" 인간사랑 1993

5 성혜미, "인도네시아, 코로나19 사망 25명 비상 … 적십자 “봉쇄 고려해야.”" 연합뉴스

6 고찬유, "우비 입고 환자 이송, 진단키트 부족 … 인니, ‘형제국’ 한국에 SOS"

7 정리나, "베트남, 코로나19 확진자 발생 마을 봉쇄 … 중국 외 첫 지역봉쇄사례" 아시아투데이

8 민영규, "베트남 코로나19 전국적 유행 선언…대중교통 운행중단" 연합뉴스

9 왕길환, "미얀마 한인기업ㆍNGO, 코로나19 의료장비 현지 정부에 기증" 연합뉴스

10 정리나, "라오스 신종코로나 의심 사망자 발생 … 쉬쉬하는 정부에 의구심↑" 아시아투데이

11 민영규, "두테르테 필리핀 대통령, 의회에 비상조치권 부여 요청" 연합뉴스

12 고찬유, "도시 차단부터 자국민 출국 금지까지 … 동남아 코로나19 봉쇄 돌입" 한국일보

13 고찬유, "‘고온다습’ 인니는 어쩌다 코로나19 치명률 세계 최고가 됐나"

14 Roslan, Suraya, "‘Tabligh Event Attendees 12k, Not 16k.’" New Straits Times

15 Campbell, Charlie, "‘It Will Be Catastrophic.’ Asia’s Tourism Dependent Economies Are Being Hit Hard by the Coronavirus" Time

16 고찬유, "‘10명 중 1명 숨진다는데’… 조코위 대통령은 왜 봉쇄를 망설일까?" 한국일보

17 "Worldometer COVID-19 페이지"

18 Mcbeth, John, "Why Indonesia Has World’s Highest COVID-19 Death Rate" Asia Times

19 Kok Xinghui, "Why Are There So Few Coronavirus Infections in Singapore’s Health Workers?" South China Morning Post

20 Dharmaraj, Samaya, "Vietnam Scientists Create COVID-19 Test Kit" OpenGovAsia

21 Ravelo, Jenny L., "To Contain the Spread of Coronavirus, Manila Grapples with Lockdown" Devex

22 Kok Xinghui, "The Singapore Way: Eight Steps to Fight the Coronavirus as Thousands Return Home" South China Morning Post

23 Sagar, Mohit, "The Importance of Contact Tracing in Singapore and the Role Technology Plays" OpenGovAsia

24 ASEAN Briefing, "The Coronavirus in Asian and ASEAN - Live Updates by Country"

25 Techakitteranun, Hathai, "Thailand to Invoke Emergency Decree as Coronavirus Cases Soar" The Straits Times

26 Ministry of Health, Singapore, "Statement by Mr. Gan Kim Yong, Minister for Health, at Parliament, on the Update on Whole-of-Government Response to COVID-19"

27 Searight, Amy, "Southeast Asian Responses to COVID-19: Diversity in the Face of Adversity" Center for Strategic and International Studies

28 Sullivan, Michael, "Southeast Asian Nations Tighten Restrictions to Help Contain Spread of Coronavirus" NPR

29 Cabellero-Anthony, Mely, "SARS in Asia: Crisis, Vulnerabilities, and Regional Response" 45 (45): 475-495, 2005

30 Horby, Peter W., "Prospects for Emerging Infections in East and Southeast Asia 10 Years after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome" 19 (19): 853-860, 2013

31 Cornel, Sheila, "Philippines: COVID-19 Will Devastate the Poor" The Interpreter

32 The Straits Times, "Philippines down to 2,000 Coronavirus Testing Kits as Number of Cases S"

33 CNA, "Philippines Records First Community Transmission of Coronavirus, Now Has 6 Cases"

34 Ratcliffe, Rebecca, "Philippines Isolates Hundreds of Health Workers as Coronavirus Cases Rise in South-East Asia" The Guardian

35 Heydarian, Richard, "Philippines Ignored Neighbors’ Lessons on How to Tackle Coronavirus" Nikkei Asian Review

36 Aben, Ellie, "Philippines Declares State of Emergency over Coronavirus" Arab News

37 Jugo, Lita, "Philippine Health Chief Dismisses ‘Ridiculous’ Hoax That Novel Coronavirus Is a Type of Rabies" AFP

38 "Our World in Data COVID-19 페이지"

39 Radio Free Asia, "No Positive Cases as Myanmar Tests for Coronavirus amid Health System Concerns"

40 Bangkok Post, "Nine Doctors Die from Coronavirus in Philippines"

41 Robertson, Phil, "Myanmar Denials Define COVID-19 Response" Dispatches

42 CNA, "Malaysian Doctor who had COVID-19 Dies"

43 Regan, Helen, "Malaysia and Philippines Enact Sweeping Measure, as Coronavirus Cases Jump in Southeast Asia" CNN

44 Norajuddin, Athira, "Low Testing Means Low COVID-19 Cases?" The ASEAN Pos

45 ASEAN Secretariat, "Joint Statement of the Special ASEAN Plus Three Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)" ASEAN

46 The Jakarta Post, "Indonesia Ranks among World’s Worst in Coronavirus Testing Rate"

47 Reuters, "Indonesia Announces Biggest Daily Rise in Coronavirus Cases, 24 Doctors Now Dead"

48 Curley, Mellissa, "Human Secrity and Public Health in Southeast Asia: the SARS Outbreak" 58 (58): 17-32, 2004

49 Kanchanachitra, Churnrurtai, "Human Resources for Health in Southeast Aia: Shortages, Distributional Challenges, and International Trade in Health Services" 377 : 769-781, 2011

50 Swee Kheng Khor, "How Will Malaysia Fight the Coronavirus with No Health Minister amid Political Turmoil?" South China Morning Post

51 Ongcal, Alecs, "For Many Filipinos, Social Distancing is Not an Option" Vice

52 Reuters, "Exclusive: Jump in Jakarta Funerals Raises Fears of Unreported Coronavirus Deaths"

53 Coker, Richard J, "Emerging Infectious Diseases in Southeast Asia: Regional Challenges to Control" 377 : 599-609, 2011

54 South China Morning Post, "Coronavirus: What’s behind Vietnam’s Containment Success?"

55 Blavatnik School of Government, "Coronavirus Government Response Tracker"

56 Jerving, Sara, "Coronavirus Could Collapse Health Systems in South and Southeast Asia" Devex

57 Barker, Anne, "Coronavirus COVID-19 Death Rate in Indonesia is the Highest in the World. Experts Say It’s Because Reported Case Numbers Are too Low" ABC

58 Thompson, Nathan, "Claims of a Coronavirus-Free Laos Are Probably Fiction" Vientiane Times

59 Tiezzi, Shannon, "China and Cambodia: Love in the Time of Coronavirus" The Diplomat

60 Lim, Ida, "China Donates 25,000 Masks, 1,200 Goggles for Malaysia’s COVID-19 Medical Frontliners" Malaymail

61 "Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS) COVID-19 페이지"

62 Kyaw Ye Lynn, "COVID-19: Myanmar’s Slow Response Faces Criticism" AA

63 Arumugam, Tharanya, "COVID-19: Doctors Call for Urgent Additional Funding for Health Ministry" New Straits Times

64 Perez-Amurao, Analiza, "COVID-19 Panic Turns on Philippine Docs and Nurses" Asia Times

65 The Center for Systems Science and Engineering(CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University, "COVID-19 Dashboard"

66 Khan, Asif Ulah, "Brunei’s Response to COVID-19" The ASEAN Post

67 Yasmin, Nur, "ASEAN to Set Up COVID-19 Relief Fund, Strengthen Cooperation during Pandemic" Jakarta Globe