This study aims to investigate how and through what methods and contents the illiterate problem of 2.3 million people was resolved during the process of state construction in North Korea from August 1945 to 1949.
In North Korea, from December 1946 to ...
This study aims to investigate how and through what methods and contents the illiterate problem of 2.3 million people was resolved during the process of state construction in North Korea from August 1945 to 1949.
In North Korea, from December 1946 to March 1949, literacy eradication campaigns were carried out on a total of 7 occasions, every 4 months, including 3 during the non-farming season. In this process, 34.3 million people, including men and women of all ages, workers, farmers, intellectuals, young people, and students, were mobilized over three years, and 23 million students alone were mobilized annually. It was a large-scale movement that mobilized the largest number of people among the mass movements that took place in North Korea. The total number of illiterate people in North Korea was “determined” to be around 2.3 million. It was a conclusion through a reinvestigation during the literacy eradication movement.
Faced with opposition from farmers in the agricultural tax collection and grain purchase business, the North Korean leadership realized that their support base was very weak. It was also recognized that coercion and coercion could lead to loss of everything. In North Korea during the nation-building period, adult reeducation through literacy eradication was raised as the most important and urgent project in order to create a “system-cooperating human type” through reform of the ideological consciousness of the people.
In addition, securing skilled technicians was a task that must be carried out in the promotion of the planned economy after the nationalization of important industries. It was the background that promoted adult education in the form of combining production and education.
In November 1946, the Provisional Committee announced Decision No. 11, ‘Decision on the Rural Illiteracy Eradication Movement in the Winter and Cold Season’.
In February 1947, North Korea announced the ‘predicted figures for the development of the people’s economy’ at the meeting of the North Korean People’s Committee of Cities and Counties. In the field of adult education, from April 1947 to March 1948, a goal was set to eradicate 800,000 illiterate people by installing 40,000 Korean language schools. In order to achieve this goal, on April 8, 2008, Decision No. 25 of the People's Committee of North Korea, "Decision on North Korea's Adult Education and Workplace Education System" was adopted.
The Education Bureau of the People's Committee of North Korea elaborated on Decision No. 25 and issued the Order No. 1 of the Bureau of Education, “Rules on North Korea's Adult Education and Workplace Education System.” In accordance with this rule, the adult schools operated until then were reorganized into Korean language schools with a period of 4 months, and the advanced adult schools were reorganized into 2-year adult schools and 3-year adult middle schools, respectively.
In Korean schools, a ‘school support group’ was organized to cover the insufficient expenses through donations. Before and after class, simple situation data and current affairs materials were read independently, and political education was conducted in the necessary parts in connection with the educational content during the teaching process.
There were many cases in which illiterate people only put their names on the register of Korean school students and did not actually attend. As a result, encouraging attendance has emerged as an issue.
On November 12, 1947, at the 53rd meeting, the People's Committee of North Korea adopted Decision No. 83, 'Decision on Promotion of Literacy Eradication Movement'.
Decision No. 83 of November 1947 not only placed administrative responsibility on the entire administrative system as well as the Education Bureau, but also made it mandatory to mobilize each political party and social group in the private sector. .
From the point of view of the residents, literacy is no longer a matter of choice, but a must.
The 'Central Guidance Committee for Literacy Eradication' was established to lead the literacy eradication movement and to induce organic cooperation with social organizations.
Along with the reorganization of the Literacy Control Committee, the organization and activities of the Literacy Control Inspection Committee were also reorganized.
The Illiteracy Eradication Inspection Committee mainly checked whether the Literacy Guidance Committee carried out the decisions and instructions of the People's Committee on the illiteracy eradication project in a timely manner and carried out the illiteracy eradication project without bias, and proceeded with the projects to establish relevant measures. The reason why social organizations could be promoted like this was because the 'Tang Group' was organized within the social groups.
In the process of this movement, students in the 5th grade or higher of the People's School were usually mobilized, and university students were dispatched to the provinces as instructors for the literacy eradication movement.
As a result of this exercise, the number of students who passed the completion test was 951,620. This was the result of mobilizing 73,161 teachers from 57,835 Korean language schools. This was achieved by more than 150,000 than the 800,000 set forth in the “1947 Estimated Number for National Economic Development”.
From April 1948, the Education Bureau of the North Korean People’s Committee established ‘Accelerated Adult School (速成成人學校)’ to provide basic political and technical education to 2 million illiterate Korean language school graduates within a short period of time. This accelerated adult school was a system that compulsorily enrolled illiterate people, and the year was divided into 3 periods of 4 months each, organized into beginner, intermediate, and advanced classes. In the beginner class, the 3rd grade of the people's school, the intermediate class, the 4th grade, and the upper class, the 5th grade, so that they could advance to the upper class.
In North Korea, a “Social Education Instructor Training Center” was established to train teachers dedicated to adult education. The ‘Social Education Instructor Training Center’ was established in each county for the purpose of training teachers who would engage in adult schools, people’s reading rooms, and literacy guidance projects, and in 1946, 17,000 people were trained.
Propaganda campaigns for the eradication of illiteracy were also actively carried out. The ‘recalculation movement’ developed in a way to create an example at one unit and spread it to all sectors as an example. The Rigyesan Movement, along with the Kim Je-won Patriotic Undedicated Movement, was a representative mass movement promoted during the period of North Korea’s state construction, and the creation of a model of North Korean-style mass mobilization system, such as the “Chollima Movement” in the 1950s.
After the formation of the Central Guidance Committee for Illiteracy Eradication on November 15, 1947, the results of propaganda activities included 42,855 lecture tours, and 137,295 posters and 2,340,483 slogans were produced.
The provisional committee tried to cover the lack of financial resources in the education sector through donations from residents. In February 1946, the 'North Korean People's Education and Culture Support Association' was initiated to raise funds necessary for elementary and adult education. Members had to pay a membership fee of 20 won each year. Membership cards were issued to show proof of payment of dues, and those who contributed a large amount were given the title of “honorary member,” and at the same time, special membership cards and certificates of honor were given.
The increase in the number of schools due to education reform in North Korea and the enrollment of children in upper-level schools acted as a mechanism to alleviate North Korean residents' dissatisfaction with various educational sponsorships and labor mobilization. There is also a case in which a person who was stigmatized as a pro-Japanese group gave up running away to South Korea because of problems with their children’s education, even though life became difficult for those who were stigmatized as pro-Japanese when schools became large in North Korea.
A South Korean educator who lived in North Korea stated in an interview with US soldiers during the Korean War that "the best thing the communists did... was to allow children from the lower classes to go to school." The illiteracy eradication campaign and various educational reforms developed after liberation acted as an important opportunity to internalize the North Korean people into the system in connection with the desire for education of their children as well as the illiterate themselves.