Over the past few years, developments of applications in the CRISPR-Cas9 system have increased explosively, not only for efficient genome engineering but also for recruiting variety range of functional domains at a target locus. In the presence of an ...
Over the past few years, developments of applications in the CRISPR-Cas9 system have increased explosively, not only for efficient genome engineering but also for recruiting variety range of functional domains at a target locus. In the presence of an exogenous DNA template with homologous sequence, point mutations can be introduced at Cas9 nuclease-mediated DSBs by homology-directed repair (HDR), one of endogenous cellular repair mechanism. However, the efficiency of HDR is modest since competitive non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is predominant. Also, it has large variations on the cell type.
Recently developed base-editing systems present a useful orthogonal strategy for manipulating nucleotide substitutions. CRISPR RNA-guided base editors, fusion proteins consist of a catalytically defective Sterptococcus pyogenes Cas9 and deaminases, convert single-nucleotide in the target DNA. Base editing systems are divided into two categories: cytosine base editors (CBEs) that convert C to T and adenosine base editors (ABEs) that convert A to G. Unlike programmable nucleases which produce small indels at a target site, base editing systems have the advantage that can induce base conversions, not relying on the DSB repair pathway. Despite broad interest in base editing, genome-wide target specificities of CRISPR RNA-guided base editors remain unknown. Several methods for off-target detection are established; however, existing methods are based on capturing of DSBs, and they are not suitable for programmable deaminases.
In this thesis, I will describe a new method for assessing genome-wide specificities of CRISPR RNA-guided base editing by modifying Digenome-seq. I validate off-targets of CBEs and confirm that CBEs are highly specific compared to CRISPR nucleases. To reduce the off-target effects, I use modified sgRNAs and observe that both extended and truncated sgRNAs improve the specificities of CRISPR RNA-guided base editors. Furthermore, extended sgRNAs show base editing in additional nucleotides at positions out of canonical base editing windows, demonstrating the expansion of targeting-scope of CRISPR RNA-guided deaminases.