대학생의 사회부과적 완벽주의가 우울에 미치는 영향: 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 반추적, 반성적 반응양식의 매개효과 = The Effect of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism of University Student to Depression: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Rumination, Reflective Response Style

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was conducted to verify the effects of socially prescribed perfectionism on depression as mediated by intolerance of uncertainty and either ruminating or reflective response styles, on as will as to find ways to effectively address depression as it presents in university students. For this purpose, 283 university students at the central region were assesed using data collected from the following surveys: the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale(CES-D), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(HMPS), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale(IUS), and the Response to Depressed Mood Questionnaire(RDQ) and that were used to collect data. The results of this study are as follows. First, there was a positive correlation between the Intolerance of uncertainty and the rumination response style to the uncertainty of socially prescribed perfectionism, but not correlation the reflective response mode. Second, with respect to the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and depression, intolerance of uncertainty was set as the primary mediator variable and the rumination response style were set as the secondary mediator variables. The results shown to have a significant mediating effects. However this mediating effect was not significant when, in order to verify the mediating effect, we set the secondary mediator variable as the reflective response style. These results suggest that to prevent depression that manifests as socially prescribed perfectionism, it may be effective to intervene with a focus on the intolerance of uncertainty and the rumination response style. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study are discussed based on the results.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 사회부과적 완벽주의가 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 반추적, 반성적 반응양식을 매개로 우울에 미치는 영향을 검증하여 대학생에게 나타나는 우울을 효과적으로 해결할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 실시하였다. 이를 위해 중부권 소재의 대학에 재학중인 대학생 283명을 대상으로 우울(CES-D), 다차원적 완벽주의 척도(HMPS), 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족 척도(IUS), 우울 기분에 대한 반응양식 척도(RDQ)를 사용하여 설문을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회부과적 완벽주의 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 반추적 반응양식은 정적인 상관이 나타났지만 반성적 반응양식과는 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 사회부과적 완벽주의가 우울에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족을 1차 매개변인으로 설정하고 반추적 반응양식을 2차 매개 변인으로 설정하여 관계를 검증하였고, 모든 매개효과는 의미있는 수준이었다. 한편 2차 매개변인을 반성적 반응양식으로 설정하여 매개효과를 검증한 결과 매개효과는 유의하지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 사회부과적 완벽주의로 나타나는 우울을 예방하기 위해서는 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 반추적 반응양식에 초점을 두어 개입한다면 유용할 수 있을 것이다. 마지막으로 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의 및 한계점을 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이슬, "한국판 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족 척도 타당화" 가톨릭대학교 2016

2 전겸구, "한국판 CES-D 개발 연구 1" 11 (11): 65-76, 1992

3 한승헌, "한국 청년의 삶의 불안정성(precariousness)과 행복: 불확실성과 통제권한 부재의 매개효과" 한국사회정책학회 24 (24): 87-126, 2017

4 이유림, "정서적 고통의 의미와 우울의 사회적 구성; 20대 ‘명문대’ 여성의 정서적고통과 우울증 경험에 대한 분석" 연세대학교 2015

5 김진영, "우울한 기분에 대한 두 가지 내부초점적 반응양식 : 반추적 반응양식과 반성적 반응양식" 서울대학교 대학원 2000

6 이미화, "완벽주의 성향의 순기능과 역기능 - 성취목표, 스트레스, 심리적 안녕감, 우울과 관련하여" 한국청소년학회 9 (9): 2002

7 홍혜영, "완벽주의 성향, 자기효능감, 우울과의 관계연구" 梨花女子大學校 大學院 1995

8 최재광, "사회부과적 완벽주의와 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족이 우울에 미치는 영향: 경험회피의 매개효과" 한국건강심리학회 25 (25): 737-756, 2020

9 윤소진, "불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 불안 및 우울과의 관계: 걱정과 반추의 공통 요인(반복적 부정적 사고)과 차별 요인의 매개효과를 중심으로" 한국건강심리학회 24 (24): 709-734, 2019

10 백인철, "불확실성에 대한 대처방식이 우울과 불안에 미치는 영향" 서울대학교 2016

11 최문경, "대학졸업에서 첫 직장까지"

12 韓奇娟, "다차원적 완벽성 : 개념, 측정 및 부적응과의 관련성" 高麗大學校 大學院 1994

13 Smith, M. M., "Why does socially prescribed perfectionism place people at risk for depression? A five-month, two-wave longitudinal study of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model" 134 : 49-54, 2018

14 Freeston, M. H., "Why do people worry?" 17 (17): 791-802, 1994

15 Smith, M. M., "Who is the most demanding of them all? A multisource investigation of other-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and depressive symptoms" 138 : 328-332, 2019

16 Martin, L. L., "Unintended thought" Guilford Press 306-326, 1989

17 Hollon, S. D., "Treatment and prevention of depression" 3 (3): 39-77, 2002

18 Barber, J. P., "The ways of responding : A scale to assess compensatory skills taught in cognitive therapy" 14 (14): 93-115, 1992

19 Burns, D. D., "The spouse who is a perfectionist" 17 (17): 219-230, 1983

20 Preusser, K. J., "The role of self-esteem in mediating the perfectionism-depression connection" 35 (35): 88-93, 1994

21 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms" 109 (109): 504-, 2000

22 Limburg, K., "The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology : A meta analysis" 73 (73): 1301-1326, 2017

23 Buhr, K., "The intolerance of uncertainty scale : Psychometric properties of the English version" 40 (40): 931-945, 2002

24 Carleton, R. N., "The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders : Theoretical and practical perspectives" 12 (12): 937-947, 2012

25 Blanchette, I., "The influence of affect on higher level cognition : A review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning" 24 (24): 561-595, 2010

26 Andersen, S. M., "The inevitability of future suffering : The role of depressive predictive certainty in depression" 8 (8): 203-228, 1990

27 Smith, M. M., "The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms : Testing a moderated mediation model in community adults using a one-month two-wave longitudinal design" 157 : 109826-, 2020

28 Rimes, K. A., "The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression" 43 (43): 1673-1681, 2005

29 Frost, R. O., "The dimensions of perfectionism" 14 (14): 449-468, 1990

30 Burns, D. D., "The Perfectionist’s Script for Self-defeat" 34-51, 1980

31 Radloff, L. S., "The CES-D scale : A self-report depression scale for research in the general population" 1 (1): 385-401, 1977

32 Flett, G. L., "Self-oriented perfectionism, neuroticism and anxiety" 10 (10): 731-735, 1989

33 Hewitt, P. L., "Self-oriented perfectionism and generalized performance importance in depression" 46 (46): 67-, 1990

34 Samaie, G., "Self-compassion as a moderator of the relationship between rumination, self-reflection and stress" 30 : 978-982, 2011

35 Raes, F., "Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety" 48 (48): 757-761, 2010

36 Smith, K. E., "Rumination and eating disorder psychopathology : A meta-analysis" 61 : 9-23, 2018

37 Junkins, M. B., "Rumination : Reflection can amplify the depressogenic effects of brooding" 10 (10): 34-46, 2017

38 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Rethinking rumination" 3 (3): 400-424, 2008

39 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes" 100 (100): 569-582, 1991

40 Hirsch, C. R., "Resolving ambiguity in emotional disorders : The nature and role of interpretation biases" 12 : 281-305, 2016

41 Fresco, D. M., "Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression" 75 (75): 447-, 2007

42 Ellis, A., "Reason and emotion in psychotherapy" 1962

43 Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, "Psychometric Validation of the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire and Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory. Part2. Factor analyses and testing of a brief version" 43 : 1527-1543, 2005

44 Trapnell, P. D., "Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality : distinguishing rumination from reflection" 76 (76): 284-304, 1999

45 Hewitt, P. L., "Perfectionism:Theory, research, and treatment" 255-284, 2002

46 Xie, Y., "Perfectionism, worry, rumination, and distress : A meta-analysis of the evidence for the perfectionism cognition theory" 139 : 301-312, 2019

47 Blankstein, K. R., "Perfectionism, hopelessness, and suicide ideation : Revisions to diathesis-stress and specific vulnerability models" 25 (25): 279-319, 2007

48 Flett, G. L., "Perfectionism, health, and well-being" 121-155, 2016

49 Hewitt, P. L., "Perfectionism traits and perfectionistic self presentation in eating disorder attitudes, characteristics, and symptoms" 18 (18): 317-326, 1995

50 Hewitt, P. L., "Perfectionism in the self and social contexts : conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology" 60 (60): 456-470, 1991

51 Alden, L. E., "Perfectionism in an interpersonal context : A self-regulation analysis of dysphoria and social anxiety" 18 (18): 297-316, 1994

52 Chang, E. C., "Perfectionism as a predictor of subsequent adjustment : Evidence for a specific diathesis-stress mechanism among college students" 47 (47): 129-137, 2000

53 Sherry, S. B., "Perfectionism and narcissism : testing unique relationships and gender differences" 61 : 52-56, 2014

54 Flett, G. L., "Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem" 12 (12): 61-68, 1991

55 Enns, M. W., "Perfectionism and depression symptom severity in major depressive disorder" 37 (37): 783-794, 1999

56 Hewitt, P. L., "Perfectionism and depression : Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis" 105 (105): 276-, 1996

57 Rude, S. S., "Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms" 16 (16): 423-440, 2002

58 Stoeber, J., "Multidimensional perfectionism and the DSM-5 personality traits" 64 : 115-120, 2014

59 Hayes, A. F., "Methodology in the social sciences. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis:A Regression‐Based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press" 51 (51): 335-337, 2013

60 Muris, P., "Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression" 39 (39): 1105-1111, 2005

61 Buhr, K., "Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry" 20 (20): 222-236, 2006

62 Gilbert, P., "Investigating relationships between perfectionism, forms and functions of self-criticism, and sensitivity to put-down" 41 (41): 1299-1308, 2006

63 Yook, K., "Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder" 24 (24): 623-628, 2010

64 Liao, K. Y. H., "Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety : The moderating and mediating roles of rumination" 67 (67): 1220-1239, 2011

65 Dar, K. A., "Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety : Examining the indirect and moderating effects of worry" 29 : 129-133, 2017

66 Tolin, D. F., "Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder" 17 (17): 233-242, 2003

67 Boelen, P. A., "Intolerance of uncertainty in adolescents : Correlations with worry, social anxiety, and depression" 198 (198): 194-200, 2010

68 Reuther, E. T., "Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and obsessive‐compulsive symptom severity" 30 (30): 773-777, 2013

69 Dugas, M. J., "Intolerance of uncertainty and worry : Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample" 25 (25): 551-558, 2001

70 Carleton, R. N., "Into the unknown : A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty" 39 : 30-43, 2016

71 Safran, J. D., "Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy" Basic Books 1990

72 Mathews, A., "Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety" 109 (109): 602-, 2000

73 Smith, H. L., "Hostile interpretation bias in depression" 203 : 9-13, 2016

74 Abramson, L. Y., "Hopelessness depression : A theorybased subtype of depression" 96 (96): 358-, 1989

75 Dugas, M. J., "Generalized anxiety disorder : A preliminary test of a conceptual model" 36 (36): 215-226, 1998

76 Carleton, R. N., "Fearing the unknown : A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale" 21 (21): 105-117, 2007

77 Carleton, R. N., "Fear of the unknown : One fear to rule them all?" 41 : 5-21, 2016

78 Einstein, D. A., "Extension of the transdiagnostic model to focus on intolerance of uncertainty : a review of the literature and implications for treatment" 21 (21): 280-300, 2014

79 Lyubomirsky, S., "Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories" 75 (75): 166-177, 1998

80 Hewitt, P. L., "Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression : a test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis" 102 (102): 58-65, 1993

81 Hewitt, P. L., "Dimensions of perfectionism in unipolar depression" 100 (100): 98-101, 1991

82 Antony, M. M., "Dimensions of perfectionism across the anxiety disorders" 36 (36): 1143-1154, 1998

83 Weissman, A. N., "Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: A preliminary investigation" 1978

84 Lo, C. S., "Decentering mediates the effect of ruminative and experiential self-focus on negative thinking in depression" 38 (38): 389-396, 2014

85 Hoppitt, L., "Cognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effects of bias modification" 24 (24): 312-325, 2010

86 Davis, R. N., "Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators" 24 (24): 699-711, 2000

87 Miranda, R., "Cognitive content-specificity in future expectancies : Role of hopelessness and intolerance of uncertainty in depression and GAD symptoms" 46 (46): 1151-1159, 2008

88 Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, "Cognitive assessment of obsessivecompulsive disorder" 35 : 667-681, 1997

89 Frost, R. O., "Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions:Theory, assessment, and treatment" Elsevier 2002

90 Shafran, R., "Clinical perfectionism : A cognitive-behavioural analysis" 40 (40): 773-791, 2002

91 Ward, A., "Can't quite commit : Rumination and uncertainty" 29 (29): 96-107, 2003

92 Whitmer, A., "Brooding and reflection reconsidered : A factor analytic examination of rumination in currently depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed individuals" 35 (35): 99-107, 2011

93 Dugas, M. J., "Brief report : Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression" 28 (28): 835-842, 2004

94 Baert, S., "Attentional bias training in depression : Therapeutic effects depend on depression severity" 41 (41): 265-274, 2010

95 Koerner, N., "An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry : The role of intolerance of uncertainty" 32 (32): 619-638, 2008

96 McEvoy, P. M., "Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression" 25 (25): 112-122, 2011

97 Holaway, R. M., "A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder" 20 (20): 158-174, 2006