公案, 왜? 어떻게? = 圓悟의 頓悟說과 公案觀

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 ‘문자 학습’과 ‘公案 공부’의 관계, 그리고 ‘공안’과 ‘頓悟’의 관계를, 圓悟克勤(1063~1135)의 문헌을 주요 소재로 탐구한 것이다.
원오에게는 “不立文字’를 표방하는 돈오선사, 그리고 『碧巖錄』과 어록의 주역이 라는 이중의 연모가 있다. 원오는 본래성불을 체현하지 못한 존재를 위해 공안 공부를 제안했다. 그런데 공안은 문자공부ㆍ주객 분리 사고의 대상이 될 수도 있다. 그 병을 치유하는 秘方으로 원오가 제시한 것이 공안이다.
원오선에서 돈오의 첩경은 ‘전면적인 省察’이다. 그 핵심은 외부 지향에서 내부 지향으로 힘의 방향을 돌리는 것이며, 방향 전환의 축심이 바로 공안이다. 공안 참구의 관건은 공안에 “대해” 분석(思量分別)하지 않고, 공안을 “통해” 자신을 성찰 (回光返照)하는 것이다.
원오를 통해 본, 간회선 출현 이전까지의 선의 요체는 “活句로서의 공안 참구를 통한 返照, 반조를 통한 돈오”이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article attempts to explain the relation between literary learning and kung-an practice and between kung-an and sudden enlightenment, based on Yuan-wu's literature.
Yuan-wu recommends kung-an practice for ones who have not to realize self-original perfect nature yet. However, kung-an can almost tum to be the object of literary learning and dichotomy thinking. It is the very kung-an that Yuan-wu suggests as a cure for that problem.
The necessary gateway of sudden enlightenment is reflection(回光返照). The pivotal point of reflection is turning the direction of the force from outward to inward. Kung-an functions as the axis on which the force changes its direction. The crucial point is not to analyze kung-an but to reflect himself/herself through kung-an.
In conclusion, according to Yuan-wu, the gist of ch'an before k'an-hua ch'an is nothing but reflection through kung-an practice as well as sudden enlightenment through reflection.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 【요약문】
• 1. 圓悟 頓悟禪 연구의 필요성
• 2. 頓悟와 “不立文字”
• 3. “不立文字”와 圓悟의 頓悟禪
• 4. 圓悟의 頓悟禪과 公案: 公案, 왜? 어떻게?
• 5. 맺음말: 公案과 頓悟
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "六祖壇經 敦煌本宗寶本 T48"

2 "馬祖語錄 Z119"

3 柳田聖山, "語錄の歷史－禪文獻の成立史的硏究" 東方學報 57 1985

4 "華嚴原人論 T45v"

5 "禪源諸詮集都序 T48"

6 鄧克銘, "禪宗公案之經典化的解釋以 碧巖錄 中心" 國立臺灣大學文學院佛學究中心 8 : 2003

7 "祖庭事苑 Z113"

8 "無門關 T48"

9 "梁朝傅大士頌金剛經 T85"

10 高毓, "悟克勤禪學思想" 中華佛學究所 3 : 1999

11 "居士分燈錄 Z147"

12 "宋高僧傳 T50"

13 西村惠信, "宋代叢林の矛盾と超克－ 大慧看話禪の二重構造" 山喜房佛書林 2002

14 "大慧語錄 T47"

15 "大慧普覺禪師宗門武庫 T47"

16 "增壹阿含經 T2"

17 "圓悟佛果禪師語錄 語錄 T47"

18 "圓悟の語錄と心要の諸本" 日本印度學佛敎學會 45 (45): 1996

19 v, "佛祖統紀 T49"

20 "佛果悟禪師碧巖錄 碧巖錄 T48"

21 "佛果克勤禪師心要 心要 Z120"

22 "五燈會元 Z138"

23 魏道儒, "于宋代文字的" 1 : 2002

24 "and Liberation in Northern Sung Ch’an Paths to Liberation The Mrg and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought" Univ of Hawaii Press ho (ho): 1992

25 In conclusion, "according to Yan-wu"

26 "according to Yan-wu"

27 "Yan-wu recommends kung-an practice for ones who have not to realize self-original perfect nature yet kung-an can almost turn to be the object of literary learning and dichotomy thinking It is the very kung-an that Yan-wu suggests as a cure for that problem"

28 Peter K, "This Culture of Ours Intellectual Traditions in T'ang and Sung China" Stanford Univ Press 1992

29 "Theory of Sudden Enlightenment and Kung-an" 1063-1135,

30 "The necessary gateway of sudden enlightenment is reflection 回光返照 The pivotal point of reflection is turning the direction of the force from outward to inward Kung-an functions as the axis on which the force changes its direction The crucial point is not to analyze kung-an but to reflect himself/herself through kung-an"

31 "The Shortcut Approach of K’an-hua Meditation The Evolution of Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch’an Buddhism Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought Studies in East Asian Buddhism 5" Univ of Hawaii Press ho (ho): 1987

32 Yanagida, "The Recorded Saying Texts of Chinese Ch’an Buddhism Early Ch’an and in China and Tibet" Asian Buddhist Press 1983

33 Buswell, "The Collected Works of Chinul" Univ of Hawaii Press ho (ho): 1983

34 "Teaching of Ch’an Kung-an Practice A Transition from Literary Study of Ch’an Kung-an the Practical K’an-hua Ch’an" 1063-1135 17, 1994

35 Foulk T Griffith, "Sung Controversies Concerning the Separate Transmission of Chan In Buddhism in the Sung" Univ. of Hawaii Press 1999

36 "Modes of Thinking and Modes of discourse in the Sung Some Thoughts on the Y-lu The Journal of Asian Studies 50" 1991

37 "Hee-Wook Byun This article attempts to explain the relation between literary learning and kung-an practice and between kung-an and sudden enlightenment based on Yan-wu's literature"

38 Heine Steven, "Chan Buddhist Kung an as Models for Interpersonal Behavior" 30 : 3-4, 2003

39 "A Study of the Evolution of K'an-hua Ch’an in Sung China and the Function of Kung-an in Ch’an Pedagogy and Praxis" Univ 1063-1135, 1993