韓國 都市家計의 貧困線 再定立에 관한 硏究 = (A) study on restablishment of poverty line in Korean urban society

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper reviewed the concept of absolute and relative poverty and tried to prove the validity of regarding absolute poverty and relative poverty as different level of living. 3 stage poverty lines were set and policy implication of 3 poverty lines were discussed. 'This study is summarized as follows.
Absolute poverty is redefined as a situation when monthly disposable income of a family is not enough to support necessary goods and services to maintain biological existence level of living. And relative poverty is redefined as a situation where a minimum standard of monthly disposable income is relatively insufficient compared to a specific society's average living standard under the condition that basic needs on the biological existence level has been satisfied. Defined this way, absolute poverty and relative poverty are mutually exclusive concepts and in the category of 2 different level of living.
The floor of poverty was considered as bottom line of relative poverty and ceiling was considered as the standard budget. Between floor and ceiling relative poverty lines were set. Using these standard lines 4 poverty bands were categorized as follows:

Standard Budget ------------------------------
Minimum Health and Decency Level
Relative Poverty Line ==============================
Relative Poverty Level
Bottom Line of Relative Poverty ------------------------------
Biological Existence Level
Absolute Poverty Line -----------------------------
Starvation Level

Market Basket method was used to estimate poverty lines. In order to reduce subjective arbitrariness in the composition of market basket the data was drawn from the 1993 Survey of Urban Household Consumer Expenditure Survey and 15,890 households consisting of 4 family members were chosen and 43 consumption items and income have been analyzed. 20 strata were categorized according to consumption amount. The standard for absolute and bottom line of relative poverty line were consumption of 1/20 strata's average consumption.
Procedure to estimate relative poverty line were as follow:
1) ordinally line up the whole samples, 2) 20 strata were categorized according to consumption amount(0-5%, 6-10%, .........95-20%), 3) calculate average consumption amount of 43 items of each strata, 4) calculate average percentage of each item in the total consumption, income elasticity and Gini Coefficient, 5) Change of average consumption amount, average percentage, income elasticity according to strata change has been analyzed, 6) checked whether there was poverty threshold and if poverty threshold has been found set that point as poverty line, 6) if poverty line couldn't be found between bottom and ceiling range, pure and quasi relative poverty method were used to set poverty line, 7) set lines were compared with the result of previous researches and poverty lines estimated by other objective methods. 8) poverty lines of each items were summed together. However, minimum food expenditure estimation didn't follow the above procedure and was calculated by dietist Park, H. R. considering nutritional standard.
In 1993 4 member households of each poverty lines were 335,664won for absolute poverty, 549,172 won for bottom line of relative poverty and 1,075,406 won for relative poverty. These amount were converted as 1995 poverty lines as 393,331won for absolute poverty, 643,519 won for bottom line of relative poverty and 1,260,161 won for relative poverty. Households below bottom line of relative poverty were 4.1 % and below relative poverty were 32.5%.
Policy implication of these 3 level poverty lines were discussed as follow:
1) Official poverty line(selection standard of official living protection) and government's living protection level should be equal and needs to be adjusted to bottom line of relative poverty line using equivalence scale according to household size. And the gap between household's income and standard should be supplemented by government. And also income after deduction of rent should be considered as income.
2) Standard for Education aid needs to be adjusted upward to relative poverty line and equivalence scale according to numbers and age of students be used. Financial aids programs needs to be adjusted upward to standard budget level and interest rates be adjusted from zero interest rate to 3%, 6% and 9%according to level of living. Medical aid also be adjusted upward to relative level of living.
3) The concept of nuclear family need to be adopted and in case of supporting disabled or old relatives. Supporting household be eligible to receive living cost of them, when his income is less than relative poverty line Man and woman be equally treated in defining family member. poor (Jahwal) protection system is to be cancelled.
4) 3level poverty lines can be utilized flexibly and the system to help working poor people under relative poverty line should be adopted
5) Appropriate minimum wage in 1995 was between 389,300 won and 198,847 won.
To perform the proposed policy implication increase in the welfare budget is urged And investment on the public goods i. e. education, housing, etc. should be increased.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次
• Ⅰ. 緖論 = 1
• 1. 問題提起 = 1
• 2. 硏究問題 = 4
• Ⅱ. 理論的 背景 = 5
• 1. 貧因의 槪念 = 5
• 1) 絶對的 貧因 = 5
• 2) 相對的 貧因 = 7
• 3) 센의 絶對-相對 貧因理論의 統合的 接近 = 9
• 2. 貧因의 測定 = 12
• 1) 貧因의 測定方法 = 12
• 2) 韓國의 貧因線 設定에 관한 先行硏究의 檢討 = 14
• 3) 貧因臨界線 設定 = 16
• 3. 貧因理論에 관한 본 논문의 觀點 = 17
• 1) 絶對的 貧因 = 17
• 2) 相對的 貧因 = 25
• 3) 各 測定方法의 多段階 貧因線의 設定 可能性 = 30
• 4) 貧因의 生活水潗別 接近 = 31
• Ⅲ. 硏究方法 = 41
• 1. 用語의 定義 = 41
• 2. 硏究 資料 = 42
• 3. 마켓바스？의 構成 = 42
• 4. 貧因線 設定方法 = 43
• 1) 絶對貧因線 下限相對貧因線 = 43
• 2) 相對貧因線 = 44
• Ⅳ. 硏究 結果 = 51
• 1. 3段階 貧因線 設定 結果 = 51
• 1) 絶對貧因線 設定 結果 = 51
• 2) 下限相對貧因線 設定 結果 = 54
• 3) 相對貧因線 設定 結果 = 55
• 2. 先行硏究 및 餘他 方法의 貧因線 設定結果의 比較 = 65
• 1) 先行硏究의 貧因線과의 比較 = 72
• 2) 客觀的 接近方法으로 算出된 貧因線과의 比較 = 72
• 3) 統計解釋的 接近 方法으로 算出된 貧因線과의 比較 = 72
• 3. 1995년 家計人員數別 韓國都市家計의 貧因線 및 貧因率 = 73
• Ⅴ. 貧因政策에의 適用 = 76
• 1. 韓國의 公的扶助 프로그램의 現況과 改善方案 = 76
• 2. 最低賃金基準 設定에의 政策的 活用 = 87
• Ⅵ. 要約 및 結論 = 89
• 1. 要約 및 制限點 = 89
• 2. 結論 = 93
• 參考文獻 = 96
• 附錄 Ⅰ. 3段階 最低食品 費의 算出 = 102
• 附錄 Ⅱ. 客觀的 方法과 統計解析方法의 貧因線 = 113
• 附錄 Ⅲ. 20分位 階層別 消費支出額 = 116
• 附錄 Ⅳ. 20分位 階層別 總消費에 대한 構成比率 = 119
• 附錄 Ⅴ. 10分位 階層別 所得彈力性 = 122
• ABSTRACT = 124