北東アジア諸民族の親族名称における相対的〈長幼の序〉 : 一般交換との関連から = Relative Seniority among North-east Asian Peoples' Kinship Terminology - Related to the General Exchange Alliance System -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1. Preface: The present reporter started as a cultural anthropologist the study of correlation between the alliance system which was defined by C.Levi-Strauss in his work Les Structure Elementaires de la Parente(1967,2<SUP>nd</SUP> ed.) to be a general exchange and Crow-Omaha kinship terminology which is mainly found among North-American Indian peoples and other Asian peoples, and have written several academic works on this theme.
In the present, her interests have been enlarged to the correlation between religious cultural environment and preservation of natural environment of mountains, rivers and seas.
The purpose of this essay is reporting the common characteristics in the kinship terminology among North-east Asian peoples such as Gilyak and Orok. From now on, she will be happy if she can reconstruct a new study on some environmental problems in their areas and on the changing process of their social relationship including kinship terminology.
2. The alliance system and kinship terminology in elementary structure societies in Siberia
Levi-Strauss shows two types of societies that are elementary structure and complex structure. In the societies having elementary structure have a marriage alliance system under which they must obey the rule regulating marriage mates. There are two systems ; one is a restricted system and another is a general system. The former is performed between two groups and the latter is performed among more than three groups.
In the base of these marriage rules, Levi-Strauss hypothesizes the notion of incest taboo which is regarded by him to be a core of human culture. He thinks the function of these marriage rules is a kind of risk communication tool against disasters such as weather risks and battles by enlargement of social relationship to other kinship or local groups for their survivals. In order to regulate a general system rules among many groups, they need a concrete rule which regulates a fare delivery of wives. This is a marriage rule that is called the marriage of maternal cross cousin. The peoples in Siberia who are reported here have this marriage rule and kinship terminology which concretely matches a general exchange system.
3. The criteria to classify the cousin terminology; cross cousin and parallel cousin
The criteria of cross and parallel does not generally exist among Chinese, Korean, Russian and Japanese. However, there is among minorities in China and Russia. In fact ,among Gillyak and Orok,cross cousin especially maternal cross cousin is regard as a preferential marriage mate and sometimes he and she are called the kinship terms denoting husband and wife.
4. The characteristics among North-east Asian peoples" kinship terminology; relative seniority
According to the data by Sternberg, K.Hattori and J.Ikegami there is special characteristics among Gilyak and Orok. That is a rule of seniority which overlapped an ordinary alliance rule and Omaha kinship terminology as the characteristics of Siberian type.
5. Conclusion: The influence of Chinese religious culture related to ancestor worship