북한인권 개선의 난제와 선교적 방안 = A Missiological Approach to the Problem of Human Rights in North Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to study the Korean civil society's (NGO) difficult subject of improving North Korean human rights for about 10 years after 2012, when Kim Jong-Un took power, and further seek missionary methods for the Korean Church to improve North Korean human rights.
According to Bible, God reveals that humans’ unique rights can be protected indiscriminately even after the Fall of Man. The New Testament includes Jesus Christ’s idea of respecting human rights to save the world. Human rights, seen from the perspective of the mission of God, are hopeful only when both evangelical work and socially involved activities are together in a comprehensive mission. Therefore, for the Church’s participation in improving North Korean human rights, a perspective that both the evangelical work for the North Korean mission and specific actions to improve North Korean people’s human rights need to be practiced together is required. In other words, to improve North Korean human rights, concrete actions should follow the evangelical strategy for North Koreans. Despite the limitation that North Korea cannot be approached, considering the cracks of North Korea and the possibility of North Korea’s opening, it is now necessary to study the strategy to improve North Korean human rights.
First of all, the author of this paper analyzed and derived three controls as the direct reasons for the North Korean human rights issue. The author revealed that North Korea authority invaded the human rights of North Koreans systematically and entirely through the ‘birth background(SungBun) and thought control’, ‘perfect district control’ through numerous detention facilities, such as a political prisoners camp, and ‘food and movement control’ by the food distribution system. In particular, the author analyzes the types of human rights violations inflicted by the North Korean authorities on North Korean defectors who are forcibly repatriated by the Chinese authorities.
The author used the 2014 United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea(COI) report as the primary research material for improving North Korean human rights and analyzed how international society resolves the complex problem of improving North Korean human rights. COI regarded the human rights problem of North Korea as crimes against humanity and recommended submitting the person in charge to the International Criminal Court (ICC) or prosecuting through a special international court. However, as North Korea did not join the Rome Statute on ICC, international courts, including ICC, have the limit of being unable to exercise the jurisdiction without the agreement of the corresponding country. Then, it should be possible to pursue submitting to ICC or establishing a special international court by the UN Security Council resolution. However, it would be difficult due to the objections of China and Russia, permanent members of the UN Security Council.
For the proceeding with the severe issue of improving North Korean human rights realistically, it is necessary to seek responses through the North Korean human rights improvement system based on the UN Charter and the international covenants or conventions North Korea joined. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that North Korea has partly cooperated with the recommendations concerning the right of freedom from the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) or other organizations of human rights conventions, which North Korea keeps in cooperation with.
Not only the improvement of the right to freedom in North Korea, it is also necessary to prioritize securing the right to food and nutrition and the right to health and education of North Korea’s vulnerable social group, including women, kids, and the disabled, to strengthen international cooperation and support. Regarding this effort, a phased and gradual strategy for improving the right to freedom in North Korea would be that the North Korean human rights society (NGO) uses UN conventions and organizations to gradually enlarge the width of human rights to enhance the right of freedom in North Korea. Above all, to proceed with the difficulty of improving the right of freedom in North Korea from a long-term perspective, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive and integrated strategy, including both the improvement of North Korea’s vulnerable social group and the improvement of the right of freedom.
In conclusion, to overcome the difficulty of improving North Korean human rights, Korean Church needs to establish a specific plan to improve North Korean human rights. First, it is necessary to recognize the works of the Korean Church and North Korean human rights organizations (NGO) as a mutually connected close relationship, not separated from each other, and be in solidarity as a community. Through the solidarity of the Korean Church and North Korean human rights organizations (NGO), it is required to develop a recognition that human rights and missionary works are not differentiated and separated from each other but have to be connected for joint work.
For this purpose, the Church needs to develop a ‘North Korean Human Rights Mission Program’, in which churches can participate, and seek a North Korean mission strategy for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of North Korea.
As a practical missionary plan, it is necessary to establish a specialized research institute, like the ‘North Korean Human Rights Christianity Institute’, to study the issue of North Korean human rights from the perspective of the North Korean mission. It is also necessary to develop a ‘North Korean Human Rights Experts Cultivating Program’ to nurture contributors to North Korean Human Rights through this institute. Notably, it is necessary to establish an organization to nurture young specialists of the Korean Church to produce next-generation leaders to contribute to the North Korean mission.
This manuscript suggested that to overcome the difficulty of improving North Korea's human rights and realize the integrated improvement of North Korean human rights, North Korea's social right needs to be improved together. In other words, the effort to improve the right to freedom in North Korea differs from the effort to improve social rights, but there should be a strategy for these two efforts to cooperate and make up for each other. Improving the right to freedom and improving the social right are both necessary. From the perspective of the mission of God, All of the overall actions need to be delivered and applied to North Korean people.
Therefore, Korean Church needs to establish an organization, like the ‘Korean Church’s Union of North Korean Missions’, to practice the platform role for the overall North Korean mission. Furthermore, to support and practice the ‘Helsinki Process’, recommended by COI, a Christianity international organization, like an ‘International Christianity Consultative Group for North Korean Mission’, needs to be built.
As mentioned above, establishing domestic or international governance for the North Korean Mission can continuously open the gate to the North Korean Mission, overcoming numerous difficulties in improving North Korean human rights and letting North Korea accept international conventions and recommendations North Korea joined.
Cooperation and mutual assistance between nations are becoming necessary to get through the COVID pandemic period in the global village. Due to the global crisis and ecosystem changes, the necessity of multi-lateral solidarity and negotiations is growing. In the issues of labor, human rights, security, and ecosystem, demand for joint responses grows in Asia. Therefore, to improve North Korean human rights with international society, NGOs need to raise their expertise and capability and endeavor for relevant nations and citizens to participate. NGOs' efforts to improve North Korean human rights and change North Korea may make a good opportunity for North Korea to come out to the field of conversations over human rights and cooperation.
For the goal, Korean Church should first practice the union for the kingdom of God exceeding theological positions or ideologies. Therefore, the author prays that the human rights of North Korean people, who were created after God's shape, may be recovered early, and God’s will may soon be realized on the land due to this union and practice.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• Ⅰ. 서론 --------------------------------------- 1
• A. 연구 문제와 목적 ------------------------------------ 1
• 1. 문제제기 ------------------------------------------ 1
• 2. 연구목적 ------------------------------------------ 4
• B. 연구방법 -------------------------------------------- 6
• 1. 연구대상 ------------------------------------------ 6
• 2. 연구방법 ------------------------------------------ 8
• Ⅱ. 인권의 기독교적 이해 ------------------------- 10
• A. 창세기에서 본 인권 ---------------------------------- 10
• B. 율법과 예언서에 본 인권 ------------------------------ 12
• C. 구원론적으로 본 인권 -------------------------------- 16
• D. 총체적 하나님의 선교로 본 인권 ----------------------- 19
• Ⅲ. 북한인권 침해의 원인과 표출 유형 --------------- 28
• A. 북한인권 침해의 원인 -------------------------------- 28
• 1. 북한의 사상·성분 통제 ------------------------------ 28
• 2. 공포주입과 완전구역 통제 --------------------------- 30
• 3. 배급체제와 이동 통제 ------------------------------- 32
• B. 북한 인권 침해 표출 유형 ----------------------------- 35
• 1. 북한 당국에 의한 침해 ------------------------------ 36
• 2. 구류 감금 과정의 침해 ------------------------------ 38
• 3. 재판 과정의 침해 ----------------------------------- 39
• Ⅳ. 북한인권 개선의 주체행위자별 난제 -------------- 42
• A. 한국시민사회의 북한인권 개선 난제 -------------------- 42
• 1. 북한인권 시민사회의 태동 ---------------------------- 42
• 2. 북한인권 이슈의 국제적 확산 ------------------------- 45
• 3. 북한인권 개선의 난제 대두 --------------------------- 48
• B. 북한인권 개선의 영역별 난제 -------------------------- 52
• 1. 정치범 수용소 ------------------------------------- 52
• 2. 탈북자 ------------------------------------------- 54
• 3. 이산가족 ----------------------------------------- 58
• 4. 국군포로 ----------------------------------------- 63
• 5. 전시·전후 납치 및 강제실종 -------------------------- 66
• 6. 종교의 자유 침해 ---------------------------------- 69
• 7. 식량권 및 관련 생명권 침해 -------------------------- 73
• C. 국가간 보호책임 의무로써의 난제 ----------------------- 80
• 1. 한국의 정당 및 입법·행정시행의 난제 ------------------ 80
• 2. 남북간 대화와 협력의 난제 -------------------------- 85
• 3. 주변국간 협력의 난제 ------------------------------ 88
• D. 유엔 북한인권조사위원회(COI)의 조사와 난제 ------------ 92
• 1. 유엔 북한인권조사위원회(COI) 보고 ------------------- 92
• 2. 유엔 북한인권조사위원회(COI) 권고 ------------------- 94
• Ⅴ. 국제 사회의 북한인권 개선의 난제 대응 --------- 101
• A. 유엔헌장 기반 북한인권 개선 체계 -------------------- 103
• 1. 유엔인권이사회 ---------------------------------- 103
• 2. 국가별 정례 인권 검토 ---------------------------- 105
• 3. 특별 절차 --------------------------------------- 114
• B. 북한 유엔가입 국제규약 및 협약을 통한 대응 ----------- 125
• 1. 시민적 및 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약 -------------- 127
• 2. 경제적, 사회적 및 문화적 권리에 관한 국제규약 -------- 130
• 3. 아동의 권리에 관한 협약 -------------------------- 132
• 4. 여성 차별 철폐에 관한 협약 ------------------------ 136
• 5. 장애인 권리에 관한 협약 --------------------------- 138
• Ⅵ. 한국교회의 북한인권 개선 방안 ----------------- 143
• A. 북한선교단체와의 연대와 협력 ------------------------ 146
• 1. 북한인권 실태 인식의 공유와 확산 ------------------- 146
• 2. 북한인권 개선 참여 선교 전략 개발 ------------------ 149
• 3. 한인디아스포라와의 전략적 연대와 협력 -------------- 153
• B. 북한인권 개선을 위한 실천적 선교 -------------------- 156
• 1. 북한인권 전문 사역자와 헌신자 양성 ----------------- 156
• 2. 북한인권 개선 연합의 장을 마련 --------------------- 159
• 3. 범교단적 북한인권 국제협의체 구축 ------------------ 163
• Ⅶ. 결론 ------------------------------------- 168
• A. 요약 및 결론 ------------------------------------- 168
• B. 선교적 함의 ---------------------------------------------- 174
• 참고문헌 --------------------------------------------- 177
• ABSTRACT --------------------------------- 185
• 표 차례
• <표 1> -----------------------------------------------107
• <표 2> -----------------------------------------------107
• <표 3> -----------------------------------------------126