This study investigates the impact of trade openness and economic growth on carbon emissions and energy consumption in the top five carbon-emitting developing countries (China, India, Russia, Iran, and Indonesia). With annual data from 1970 to 2021, a...
This study investigates the impact of trade openness and economic growth on carbon emissions and energy consumption in the top five carbon-emitting developing countries (China, India, Russia, Iran, and Indonesia). With annual data from 1970 to 2021, an empirical analysis was conducted, including unit root tests to validate the data. Furthermore, F-test, Breusch-Pagan (LM) test, and Hausman test results confirmed that the fixed-effects model was appropriate for the analysis. The findings suggest that trade openness, GDP, and industrial share significantly influence carbon emissions and energy consumption. Based on these results, the study highlights the need for strategic policies to harmonize economic growth with environmental protection, enhance international cooperation, and facilitate green technology transfer. Future research should focus on analyzing the long-term effects of each variable to provide a more in-depth understanding of how economic factors and trade activities influence the environment.