과학 박물관 도슨트의 관람 안내 담화 내에 나타난 스캐폴딩 양상 분석 = Analysis of Scaffolding Phase in the Discourse during Docent-led Tours in a Science Museum

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 과학관에서 도슨트가 관람객들과의 상호작용을 통해 학습을 안내하는 과정을 스캐폴딩의 관점에서 이해하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 문헌 조사와 전문가 검토 및 토의를 통해 스캐폴딩 분석틀을 개발하였고, 과학 박물관에서 실제로 도슨트의 담화 속에서 스캐폴딩이 어떻게 드러나고 있는지를 밝히기 위해 담화 분석을 실시하였다. 선행 연구 종합 결과, 목적(purpose)과 상호작용(interaction) 이라는 두 개의 차원을 추출하였고, 여기에 영역(domain) 차원을 추가하였다. 각 차원별로 구성 항목들을 정리하여 하나의 도식으로 정리하였는데, 목적 차원에는 전략적, 사회적, 개념적, 도구적, 언어적, 메타인지적인 여섯 가지 범주로, 상호작용 차원에는 정적, 동적인 두 개의 범주로, 영역 차원에는 영역일반적, 영역특화적의 두 개 범주로 구성되었다. 이렇게 개발된 분석틀을 적용해 보기 위해서, 서대문 자연사박물관에서 안내를 진행하는 두 명의 도슨트를 섭외하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰를 실시하는 한편, 관람안내 과정을 촬영하고 대화내용을 전사하여 분석하였다. 도슨트의 스캐폴딩 전개 양상은 총 다섯 가지로 분류할 수 있었다. 전시물이 충분한 설명을 제공하지 않는 경우, 전시물이 패널을 통해 충분한 정보를 제공하는 경우, 관람객에 의해 오해의 여지가 많은 전시물인 경우, 작동체험형 전시물인 경우, 불확실한 내용을 포함하는 전시물인 경우가 이에 해당된다. 각각의 경우 도슨트는 전략적, 개념적, 언어적, 도구적, 메타인지적 스캐폴딩을 주로 제공하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 상황에 따라 정적인 스캐폴딩과 동적인 스캐폴딩이 종합적으로 사용되며, 이로 인해 도슨트에 의한 관람이 효율적임을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과로부터, 관람객의 과학 학습을 이해하는 데 있어서 개발된 스캐폴딩 분석틀이 유용하다는 점을 확인하는 한편, 도슨트는 상황에 따라 능동적으로 스캐폴딩을 제공할 수 있다는 점을 재확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 과학관에서 도슨트 외에 다양한 관람 안내 도구들이 제공하는 스캐폴딩 분석도 가능할 것으로 예상하며 더 나아가 다양한 과학 교육의 상황에서 스캐폴딩을 어떠한 방식으로, 얼마나 제공해야 하는지에 대한 아이디어를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대하는 바이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this research is to understand interactive learning during docent-led tours in a science museum focusing on scaffolding. We developed a scaffolding framework by collating the work of other researchers in related fields. The results show that scaffolding included three dimensions: purpose, interaction, and domain. The purpose dimension, divided into six categories, is related to the intention of the scaffolder and what the scaffolding are for: strategic, social, procedural, conceptual, verbal, and metacognitive. The interaction dimension reflects students’ interaction with the scaffolder in two ways: dynamic (situation specific) and static (planned in advance). The domain dimension is related to two contents: domain-general and domain-specific (such as science). The scaffolding framework was applied to dynamic interactions between docents and visitors. The data was collected from elementary school students’ family visits with the guidance of two docents at the Seodaemun Museum of Natural History. The data collected consisted of surveys, interviews, video-recordings, and transcripts. The analysis shows that five guiding contexts and scaffolding phases were recognized; 1) strategic scaffolding in a poorly illustrated exhibit; 2) conceptual scaffolding in a thoroughly explanative exhibit; 3) verbal scaffolding in misleading interpretation; 4) procedural scaffolding in a manipulative exhibit; and 5) metacognitive scaffolding with inaccurate content. In addition, the results show that the docents used the dynamic and static scaffolding synthetically so that the docent-led tour was effective. In conclusion, this study presents the usefulness of understanding visitors’ science learning through the scaffolding framework, as well as the how docents can scaffold actively.

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