中立主義에 對한 美蘇의 外交 政策 小考 = US and USSR Foreign Policy on Neutralism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The word "neutralism" is a newly-minted term which has been used since World War II, relating to the new phenomenon of neutralism that came out in international politics after the war. Neutrality in international law is defined as "the position of the third power that does not participate in a war in case it breaks out." Whether a country will assume a neutral position in wartime depends upon the given circumstances. whereas, if a particular country is considered neutral its neutrality is determined by means of a treaty of agreement concluded by the countries involved.
There are two patterns according to which a country may be called a permanent neutral state: One pattern, for example, is that of Switzerland maintaining neutrality for herself under all circumstances, and with which the other countries have already made up a treaty of a permanent neutralism. This is a quarantee of freedom from military agression. Austria is the other pattern of a neutral country which in spite of gaining the approval of other related countries, may not necessarily be assured of permanent neutrality.
What has been called the neutralism of the Cold War since World War II is used for foreign policy under the principle that a neutral country takes neither side of the US and the USSR. Accordinely, the term neutralism has varied meanings; Nehru, Premier of India, rejected the term and instead called a policy of his own "a non-aligned policy." As another instance President Nasser insisted on calling it "a positive neutralism," while Presidcnt Tito gave it the name of "an active coexistence."
US and USSR foreign policy on neutral states may be summarized as follows; at the very beginning the United States took a stand of isolationism in addition to neutralism. However, the US, having become a superpower, was compelled to give up isolationism and neutralism as well, because she could not maintain such policies for the benefit of the whole world.
The United States today takes the position of emphasizing the guiding principle of the UN Charter which rules out any neutral idea, and it also raises an objection to neutralism in general in accordance with the principle of collective security.
Though standing against neutrality in principle, the United States can not take the opposite position of assuming a hostile or indifferent attitude toward neutral states. The point at issue is that the US becomes rigid in foreign policy, regarding her interests in other countries with which she maintains diplomatic relations. The US unfavorably ctriticizes any country that is not in accord with her interests and doesn't have a proper understanding of the state of affairs under which a particular neutral state is placed.
India, adjacent to superpower China, suffered from injuries of European imperialism no less than those of communism, as has Egypt. And Yugoslavia only tries to shake off the yoke of USSR. To maintain her own securty and under the influence of the two blocs the US would not change her deisions to protect free democracy to the bitter end by means of the organization of regional collective security.
The USSR has always, if necessary, adopted a policy of neutrality for the good of her own since World War I . The USSR policy of neutrality has been nor only violated but destroyed whenever she wants and in her own interests. Since the USSR has already become a superpower struggling for supreme power in the world War II she is no longer in need of the policy of neutralism, In addition the USSR has concluded that it is a criminal act for a country in the Communist bloc to stand for neutralism. Neutrality is not permitted. The following historical facts prove this: in 1948 Yugoslavia was removed from the membership list of the Cominform, and in 1956 Hungarians were severely suppressed by the USSR. Furthermore, she had a strict opposition to the proposal of China that Republic of China should be neutralized and her subjugation of Tibet by force of arms examplifies the fact.
Hence, we can see that the goal is to protect her interests, to fortify the unity among communist countries, and to plan the undermining of capitalist nations. The foreign policy of the USSR to take advantage of neutralism by way of the campaign and the means by which she has as her ultimate object the unification of the world undes communism. At the same time she cries out for peaceful coexistence of the two political systems.
Therefore, it may be concluded that the two superpowers stand against neutralism. But newly independent nations, however, want the aid of both sides, East and West in order that they strive for economic development and a better national standard of living. First of all, it is desirable that international tensions be relaxed so that new emerging countries can maintain their political independence and also achieve their economic independence. For the realization of this, the new emerging countries are forced to turn down neither of the two military alliances of the US and the USSR, and take a stand of neutralism instead. However, the minimum requirments to adopt neutralism as a nation's foreign policy as follows: First, the nation ought to establish a decisive independent spirit to maintain neutralism; second, the nations varied requirements of geography, history, and economic strategy should correspond to the maintenance of neutralism; and third, the interests of the countries concerned should also correspond with one another in their neutralization.
In short, if a nation adopts neutralism as her basic foreign policy simply because she finds it desirable to take the stand of neutralism for all that the nation does not meet the above requirements, it is obvious that in the light of the world history her stand of neutralism under such sircumstances does not grarantee her peace and security, but bring about danger.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 序論
• II. 本論
• 1. 中立과 中立主義
• 2. 美國의 外交政策과 中立主義
• ① 印度의 中立主義에 對한 美國의 政策
• ② 에짚트의 中立主義와 美國의 政策
• ③ 유고의 中立主義와 美國
• 3. 蘇聯의 中立主義와 政策
• ① marx Lenin 主義와 中立主義
• ② 蘇聯의 中立主義諸國에 對할 政策
• ③ 蘇聯의 共産主義 陳營內의 中立主義國家에 對한 政策
• III. 結論