This dissertation analyzes the US economic foreign policy toward China amid escalating US-China strategic competition, focusing on the president’s domestic political strategy as the chief negotiator. From the end of the Cold War until now, the US an...
This dissertation analyzes the US economic foreign policy toward China amid escalating US-China strategic competition, focusing on the president’s domestic political strategy as the chief negotiator. From the end of the Cold War until now, the US and China have engaged in a dynamic interplay of competition and cooperation, with the US eventually acknowledging China as its ‘only competitor.’ Despite concerns about a ‘Thucydides’ trap’ in the conflict between these two global powers, the US has significantly aided China’s ascent. By integrating China into the global economy and granting WTO accession and favorable trade status, the US has fostered extensive cooperation with China, inadvertently paving the way for China’s assertive rise. However, when it came time for checks on China’s growth, the US failed to develop the right ones. The US, in response, initiated a hardline trade war to address this shift in power dynamics. So, why did the US choose to support the development of a potential competitor, China? Furthermore, why did the US risk falling into a Thucydides trap if it failed to cope with China's rise? Furthermore, why did the US change its policy direction after adopting a robust China-bashing policy in 2018? And why did it happen this time? This dissertation seeks to go beyond the limitations of the existing structural and epistemological literature on these issues by providing a theoretical framework that can comprehensively and coherently explain a wide range of periods from the US perspective, with China’s rise as the critical variable in the US-China conflict. This dissertation is organized into six chapters. The initial chapter presents the dissertation’s background and objectives, and a literature review highlights the dissertation’s unique contribution to existing scholarly work. The second chapter focuses on the domestic balance of power in the US foreign policy-making procedure within the framework of the strategic competition between the US and China. It proposes the research framework and hypothesis for assessing how the president, as the chief negotiator, defines the national interest of the US and what strategies he employs to steer policy in line with his preferences as he redefines the national interest in competition with other domestic political forces. In doing so, it highlights the characteristics of foreign policy toward China. It emphasizes the president’s pivotal role as the chief negotiator (PACN) and the face of US-China relations, where his decisions and actions carry significant weight. In negotiations with China, there are many voices at home, and while bipartisan cooperation on foreign affairs is the norm, they hold veto power over the president. In addition, the president, as the chief negotiator, acts to achieve his political interests. Hence, he sets his acceptability set in negotiations with China and tries to adjust his domestic wins by negotiating with the veto power accordingly. This dissertation classifies the PACN’s approach to negotiations in this scenario into a typology of five categories. A PACN-as-dove pursues pro-China policies without much pushback from other domestic political actors. Conversely, a PACN-as-strong dove has a more comprehensive range of self-acceptability than domestic win-sets, focusing more on negotiating success with foreign negotiators rather than domestic political actors. In contrast, a PACN-as-hawk would implement anti-China policies without opposition from domestic political forces. At the same time, a PACN-as-strong hawk has a less comprehensive acceptability set than domestic win-sets. Hence, he implements anti-China policies through a strategy of reducing domestic win-sets. A PACN-as-agent aligns his acceptability set with the domestic median position. With this categorization, this study examines six presidencies, from G.H.W. Bush to Biden, examining their political preferences and acceptability sets on critical political issues in their relations with China and analyzing whether they use different strategies to adjust their domestic win-sets in their relations with Congress as a significant domestic veto power. The third chapter examines the foreign policy toward China of the chief negotiators, G.H.W. Bush and Clinton, from the Tiananmen Square Incidents to China’s WTO accession, and how they adjusted their domestic win-sets in negotiations with China through pro-China policies. In the post-Cold War era, G.H.W. Bush and Clinton sought to improve US-China relations by conciliatory gestures to China as the PACN-as-strong doves, overcoming domestic opposition. The key political issues for these two PACNs were China’s MFN status and the conflict over human rights. In the period following the Tiananmen Square Incident, China’s human rights were under severe threat, and the US Congress had called for sanctions to be imposed on trade with China over its human rights record. However, both PACNs saw China’s potential as a market and were willing to take the lead in the competition with Congress. Clinton, in particular, independently de-linked human rights and trade, paving the path for China’s WTO membership. However, their strong dovish policy helped China’s rise, as they gave up leverage that could have been used to forcefully pressure China by linking human rights and economic issues. The most significant setback was that the US remained soft in its negotiations with China, keeping the same leaders responsible for China’s human rights record in place.
The fourth chapter analyzes whether the presidents as chief negotiators, Bush and Obama, maintained the status quo in the US-China relationship after the September 11 attacks, the financial crisis, and the rise of Xi Jinping as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. Bush assumed office amid an expanding trade deficit with China, and the US could not focus on competing with China. Following the September 11 attacks and the financial crisis, the US demanded a role for China as a responsible stakeholder and wanted to usher in an era of cooperation with China. As the PACN-as-dove, he could continue his previous dovish policies without opposition from China’s positive economic values and domestic veto power. Obama, who took over from Bush, also sought to cooperate with China. With the emergence of a new leader, Xi Jinping, China began capitalizing on the momentum of change. It abandoned the strategy of tāoguāngyǎnghuì, a strategy that it had been developing quietly to hide its rise, and sought to confront the US as a great power. In line with Obama’s pivot to Asia strategy, he, as the PACN-as-agent, maintained the status quo regarding China’s currency manipulation of the RMB and the US’s accession to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). On the former issue, a sharp conflict emerged within Congress. Still, Obama maintained the status quo by weighing in favor of cooperation with China and maintaining his previous median opinion, while in the case of the TPP, Obama’s hardline policy toward China failed in the competition with Congress, so he maintained the status quo by retaining a median position. The PACNs’ median positions effectively managed the US-China relationship as agents of the status quo, during which China made remarkable progress. The fifth chapter analyzes why Trump and Biden pursued an aggressive China-bashing policy when the US-China conflict began in earnest and how they used a strategy of adjusting domestic win-sets to gain an advantage in negotiations with China. Trump took office amid a trade imbalance and a recession in the US manufacturing market. As a right-wing populist, he heralded a sea change in US-China relations, advocating an America First approach. His efforts to appeal to voters who were losing manufacturing jobs to China were particularly well-received. With the advent of PACN, which no longer favors the status quo, his harsh criticism of China and his high tariffs led to a trade war, indicating that the appeal of China as a market and its economic benefits, as considered by previous PACNs, were no longer valid. By re-linking the economy and security after Clinton had separated the matter of human rights and China’s economy, Trump created a new divide on the issue of China that he could turn into the policies he wanted. Trump became a PACN-as-hawk, actively meeting with the public, using executive orders to implement his hardline policy, and leveraging the far-right wing of the Republican Party, including the HFC. However, he has also been seen as a PACN-as-strong hawk who has used the reducing win-set strategy to deal with the side effects of stricter sanctions on China and domestic backlash. Biden has inherited Trump’s legacy of hardline policy. In particular, he has maintained a tough stance on China through executive orders. He has moved his China policy from decoupling to de-risking through direct and indirect China containment legislation. However, bipartisan cooperation in Congress has been challenging to achieve on indirect China containment legislation, and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) is a prime example of this conflict. Through the critical issue of the IRA bill’s passage, we analyzed how Biden, as PACN-as-strong hawk, manipulates the domestic win-set in favor of his hawkish policy toward China. In the final chapter, this dissertation summarizes the main findings, limitations, and implications and looks ahead to the anticipated 2024 US presidential election and China’s response. Finally, in analyzing the long-standing US-China relationship and the intensifying strategic competition between the two countries, this thesis focuses on a critical domestic actor, the US president, to understand why the US has failed to contain China’s rise, why it has failed to respond appropriately, and why it has adopted a hardline policy. The dissertation also analyzes the political dynamics in depth. Fortunately, the two powers have not yet gone to war, but their strategic rivalry significantly impacts the world. Given the US presidential election in 2024, the US policy of bashing China, and its countering strategy against it, we expect the US-China rivalry to intensify. Understanding this rivalry in a broader context and laying the groundwork for cooperation and harmony by closely monitoring the US domestic political situation is critical.