인스타그램 이용자의 조건부 자아존중감이 우울 경험에 미치는 영향: 인스타그램 내 상향 비교의 매개효과를 중심으로 = Instagram User’s Contingent Self-Esteem and Depression: A Mediating Role of Upward Social Comparison

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Contingent self-esteem can be maintained by meeting the standards of social or introjected values. This study investigated whether social media-related contingent self-esteem was associated with depression in Instagram users; in a sample of 319 Instagram users, we examined the effect of contingent self-esteem on depression and the mediating effect of upward social comparison on this theorized relationship. The study findings indicated that higher contingent self-esteem predicted higher levels of depression for a week in Instagram users, which could be explained by the upward social comparisons made on this application, and showed that Instagram users with higher contingent self-esteem tended to compare themselves with other users they considered superior, thereby increasing their depression. This study provided evidence for the mechanism underlying the association between using social media and psychological well-being and indicated the vulnerability of contingent self-esteem within the social media context. Other implications and future research directions were also discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

조건부 자아존중감은 외재적 동기에 부합할 때 조건적으로 유지되는 자아존중감이다. 본 연구는 인스타그램 이용자 의 조건부 자아존중감이 우울감에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 인스타그램 이용자 319명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 인스타그램에서의 상향비교의 간접효과를 검증하는 매개 모형을 검증하기 위한 분석을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 인스타그램 이용자들의 조건부 자아존중감이 높을수록 일주일간 경험하는 우울 경험이 높았으 며, 이는 인스타그램 내 상향 비교에 의해 설명되었다. 이는 조건부 자아존중감이 높은 이용자일수록 인스타그램에서 자신보다 우월해 보이는 이용자와 자주 비교하며 이로 인해 더 우울해진다는 점을 시사한다. 본 연구는 SNS 이용자의 우울감에 영향을 미치는 요인의 개인차 변인을 탐색하기 위한 목적에서 수행되었으며 본 연구에서 확인한 결과를 바탕으로 SNS 이용자의 우울감에 대한 기존 연구를 확장한 의의를 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이신영, "소셜 미디어에서 사용되는 한국어 정서 단어의 정서가, 활성화 차원 측정" 한국감성과학회 16 (16): 167-176, 2013

2 Cha, Kyung Jin, "사회비교이론 관점에서 살펴본 SNS 이용중단 의도" 한국전자거래학회 20 (20): 59-77, 2015

3 장은영, "사회비교와 주관안녕：문화 비교 연구" 한국사회및성격심리학회 23 (23): 157-169, 2009

4 김경미, "사회비교경향성과 주관적 안녕감 및 우울의 관계 : 자기통제의 조절효과" 한국청소년학회 23 (23): 235-257, 2016

5 Lee, J. H., "“Teenagers who use a lot of social media, Worried about Increased Depression” Announced by researchers at the University of Montreal, Canada" ZD Net Korea

6 Kim, Y. K., "“I'm the only job seeker” The sense of deprivation and the risk of depression felt on social media" The Asia Business Daily

7 Lauren A. Jelenchick, "“Facebook Depression?” Social Networking Site Use and Depression in Older Adolescents" Elsevier BV 52 (52): 128-130, 2013

8 Sabine Reich, "Zero Likes – Symbolic interactions and need satisfaction online" Elsevier BV 80 : 97-102, 2018

9 Deci, E. L., "Why we do what we do" Library of Eco 2011

10 황하성, "Why Social Comparison on Instagram Matters: Its impact on Depression" 한국인터넷정보학회 13 (13): 1626-1638, 2019

11 Roselyn J. Lee-Won, "Who puts the best “face” forward on Facebook?: Positive self-presentation in online social networking and the role of self-consciousness, actual-to-total Friends ratio, and culture" Elsevier BV 39 : 413-423, 2014

12 Jacqueline Nesi, "Using Social Media for Social Comparison and Feedback-Seeking: Gender and Popularity Moderate Associations with Depressive Symptoms" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 43 (43): 1427-1438, 2015

13 C. R. Blease, "Too Many ‘Friends,’ Too Few ‘Likes’? Evolutionary Psychology and ‘Facebook Depression’" SAGE Publications 19 (19): 1-13, 2015

14 Corcoran, K., "Theories in social psychology" Wiley-Blackwell 119-139, 2011

15 Maria Kalpidou, "The Relationship Between Facebook and the Well-Being of Undergraduate College Students" Mary Ann Liebert Inc 14 (14): 183-189, 2011

16 Morten Tromholt, "The Facebook Experiment: Quitting Facebook Leads to Higher Levels of Well-Being" Mary Ann Liebert Inc 19 (19): 661-666, 2016

17 Buunk, B. P., "Subordination, mood disorders and evolution" Erlbaum 147-164, 2000

18 Corey J. Blomfield Neira, "Social networking site use: Linked to adolescents' social self-concept, self-esteem, and depressed mood" Wiley 66 (66): 56-64, 2014

19 Shannon D. Bailey, "Social comparisons, appearance related comments, contingent self-esteem and their relationships with body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance among women" Elsevier BV 11 (11): 107-112, 2010

20 Madison Faranda, "Social comparisons on Facebook and offline: The relationship to depressive symptoms" Elsevier BV 141 : 13-17, 2019

21 Erin A. Vogel, "Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem" American Psychological Association (APA) 3 (3): 206-222, 2014

22 Nina Haferkamp, "Social Comparison 2.0: Examining the Effects of Online Profiles on Social-Networking Sites" Mary Ann Liebert Inc 14 (14): 309-314, 2011

23 Joseph B. Walther, "Selective self-presentation in computer-mediated communication: Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition" Elsevier BV 23 (23): 2538-2557, 2007

24 조형오, "SNS 이용자의 가치체계의 특징이 SNS 이용동기, 사회적 자본, 이용행위 등에 미치는 영향 분석" 한국디지털콘텐츠학회 19 (19): 351-362, 2018

25 정소라, "SNS 이용강도와 우울의 관계에서 인지적 유연성에 의해 조절된 상향비교의 매개효과: 인스타그램을 중심으로" 한국건강심리학회 22 (22): 1035-1053, 2017

26 Do, R. M., "Relationship between narcissism and contingent self-esteem: controlling for the effect of self-deceptive enhancement" Yonsei University 2006

27 Lin Qiu, "Putting Their Best Foot Forward: Emotional Disclosure on Facebook" Mary Ann Liebert Inc 15 (15): 569-572, 2012

28 Szpitalak, M., "Psychometric properties and correlates of the Polish version of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (CSES)" 49 (49): 449-457, 2018

29 Eunji Lee, "Pictures Speak Louder than Words: Motivations for Using Instagram" Mary Ann Liebert Inc 18 (18): 552-556, 2015

30 Brian A. Feinstein, "Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism" American Psychological Association (APA) 2 (2): 161-170, 2013

31 Lien Faelens, "Negative influences of Facebook use through the lens of network analysis" Elsevier BV 96 : 13-22, 2019

32 Jasmine Fardouly, "Negative comparisons about one's appearance mediate the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns" Elsevier BV 12 : 82-88, 2015

33 Deci, E. L., "Nebraska symposium on motivation, Vol. 38, Perspectives on motivation" University of Nebraska Press 237-288, 1991

34 Alexander H. Jordan, "Misery Has More Company Than People Think: Underestimating the Prevalence of Others’ Negative Emotions" SAGE Publications 37 (37): 120-135, 2010

35 Nicole Ellison, "Managing Impressions Online: Self-Presentation Processes in the Online Dating Environment" Oxford University Press (OUP) 11 (11): 415-441, 2006

36 Hayes, A. F., "Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach" Guilford Publications 2017

37 Chon, K. K., "Integrated Adaptation of CES-D in Korea" 6 (6): 59-76, 2001

38 Pavica Sheldon, "Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age" Elsevier BV 58 : 89-97, 2016

39 Sang Yup Lee, "How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites?: The case of Facebook" Elsevier BV 32 : 253-260, 2014

40 Arjan E.R. Bos, "Global, contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents" Elsevier BV 48 (48): 311-316, 2010

41 Trudy Hui Hui Chua, "Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media" Elsevier BV 55 : 190-197, 2016

42 Ethan Kross, "Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults" Public Library of Science (PLoS) 8 (8): e69841-, 2013

43 Jiyoung Chae, "Explaining Females’ Envy Toward Social Media Influencers" Informa UK Limited 21 (21): 246-262, 2017

44 Deci, E. L., "Efficacy, agency, and self esteem SE - 3" Springer 31-49, 1995

45 Chad E. Lakey, "Effects of Contingent Self-Esteem on Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Behavior" Informa UK Limited 38 (38): 563-570, 2013

46 Julia Friederike Sowislo, "Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies" American Psychological Association (APA) 139 (139): 213-240, 2013

47 Sofie Wouters, "Depressive symptoms in university freshmen: Longitudinal relations with contingent self-esteem and level of self-esteem" Elsevier BV 47 (47): 356-363, 2013

48 Katherine White, "Culture and Social Comparison Seeking: The Role of Self-Motives" SAGE Publications 31 (31): 232-242, 2016

49 O'Mahen, H. A., "Contingent self-esteem and depression: An interactive account" University of Georgia 2003

50 James A. Roberts, "Contingent Self-Esteem, Self-Presentational Concerns, and Compulsive Buying" Wiley 31 (31): 147-160, 2014

51 Richard H. Smith, "Comprehending envy" American Psychological Association (APA) 133 (133): 46-64, 2007

52 Eline Frison, "Browsing, Posting, and Liking on Instagram: The Reciprocal Relationships Between Different Types of Instagram Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood" Mary Ann Liebert Inc 20 (20): 603-609, 2017

53 Zoe Brown, "Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image" Elsevier BV 19 : 37-43, 2016

54 Shakya, H. B., "Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study" 185 (185): 203-211, 2017

55 Heather Patrick, "Appearance-Related Social Comparisons: The Role of Contingent Self-Esteem and Self-Perceptions of Attractiveness" SAGE Publications 30 (30): 501-514, 2016

56 Korean Addiction Forum, "An emergency survey on addictive behavior changes such as drinking, online games, smartphones, gambling, pornography, etc. before and after Corona 19"