2D와 3D 영상 시청 후 나타난 사위도 및 자각증상의 변화 = Change of Phoria and Subjective Symptoms after Watching 2D and 3D Image

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose: The changes of phoria and subjective asthenopia before and after viewing were compared based on 2D image and two ways of 3D images, and presented for references of 3D image watching and production.
Methods: Change in phoria was measured before and after watching 2D image, 3D-FPR and 3D-SG images for 30 minutes with a target of 41 university students at 20-30 years old (male 26, female 15). Paired t-test and Pearson correlation between changed phoria and subjective symptoms which were measured using questionnaires were evaluated by before and after watching each images. Results: Right after watching 2D image, exophoria was increased by 0.5 Δ‚ in distance and near, but it was not a significant level. Right after watching 3D image,exophoria was increased by 1.0~1.5 Δ‚ and 1.5~2.0 Δ‚ in distance and near, respectively when compared with before watching. In the significant level, exophoria tended to increase. Changes in near was increased more by 0.5 Δ‚ compared with those in distance. Changes based on way of 3D-FPR and 3D-SG image were less than 0.5Δ‚ and there was almost no difference. In terms of visual subjective symptoms, eye strain was increased in 3D image compared with that in 2D image. In addition, there was no difference depending on way of image. In terms of Pearson correlation between phoria change and eye strain, as exophoria was increased, eye strain was increased. Conclusions: Watching 3D image increased eye strain compared with watching 2D image, and accordingly exophoria tended to increase.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

목적: 2D 영상과 2가지의 방식의 3D 영상을 이용하여 시청 전·후의 사위도 변화와 자각적 안정피로를 비교하였고, 3D 영상 시청과 제작의 참고자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 방법: 20~30세의 대학생 41명(남 26명, 여 15명)을 대상으로 30분간 시청한 2D 영상, 3D-FPR과 3D-SG 영상의 시청 전후의 사위도와 자각증상을 측정하였다. 각 영상시청 전후에 측정한 사위도 변화와 설문조사로 얻은 자각증상 자료는 대응비교와 Pearson 상관관계로 분석하였다.
결과: 2D 영상 시청 직후의 원거리와 근거리에서 0.5 Δ 정도 외사위도가 증가하였지만 유의적 수준은 없었으며, 3D 영상 시청 직후에는 시청 전과 비교하여 원거리에서 1.0~1.5 Δ 정도, 근거리에서는 1.5~2.0 Δ 정도 유의적 수준에서 외사위도가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 원거리사위도보다 근거리사위도에서의 변화가 0.5 Δ 정도 더 많았다. 3DFPR과3D-SG 영상 방식에 따른 변화는 0.5 Δ 미만으로 차이는 없었다. 시각적 자각 증상에서도 2D 영상에 비해3D 영상에서 안정피로가 증가하였다. 3D 영상 방식에 따른 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 사위도의 변화와 안정피로의 상관관계에서는 외사위로 증가할수록 안정피로가 증가하는 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: 3D 영상을 시청함에 따라서 안정피로가 증가되며, 이에 따라서 사위도의 변화에서는 외사위로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Sumio Y, "Visual perception from stereoscopic images for system design" 11-36, 2011

2 윤정호, "Visual fatigue in Watching 3 Dimension Television" 한국안광학회 17 (17): 47-52, 2012

3 Ware C, "Viewing a graph in a virtual reality display is three times as good as a 2D diagram" 4 (4): 182-183, 1994

4 Hoffman DM, "Vergence- accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue" 8 (8): 1-30, 2008

5 Um GM, "Trend in 3DTV Broadcasting" 10 (10): 31-41, 2009

6 Kim JH, "The study on relation between asthenopia of lateral phoria and fusional reserve" 11 (11): 329-335, 2006

7 Kim JH, "The factors influencing the asthenopia of emmetropia with phoria" 10 (10): 71-82, 2005

8 Ames SL, "The development of a symptom questionnaire for assessing visual reality viewing using a head-mounted display" 82 (82): 168-176, 2005

9 Morgan MW, "The clinical aspects of accommodation and convergence" 21 (21): 301-313, 1944

10 Lee BH, "Technology Trend in 3DTV Broadcasting" 13 (13): 4-15, 2008

11 Feldman NB, "Stereoscopic 3-D in 2008" 117 (117): 58-63, 2008

12 Richter H, "Reduction of visual discomfort (asthenopia) & phoria following modulation of VDT nearwork induced accommodative hysteresis" 13 (13): 119-122, 2002

13 Asadi R, "Orthooptics treatment in the management of intermittent exophoria" 21 (21): 35-40, 2009

14 Ukai K, "Human factors for stereoscopic images" 12 (12): 1697-1700, 2006

15 Wick BC, "Horizontal deviation, In diagnosis and management in vision care, 1st ed" Butterworth- Heinemann 461-510, 1987

16 Sugawara M, "Future prospects of HDTV-technical trends toward 1080p" 115 (115): 10-15, 2006

17 Bergquist U, "Eye discomforts and work with visual display terminals" 26 (26): 126-127, 1995

18 Wijnand AI, "Effects of stereoscopic filming parameters and display duration on the subjective assessment of eye strain" 3957 : 12-27, 2000

19 Takeda T, "Characteristics of accommodation toward apparent depth" 39 (39): 2087-2097, 1999

20 Lee HC., "3DTV Broadcasting Safety Guideline. TTA Journal TTAK.KO-07.0086/R1"