Beneficial Effects of Red Yeast Rice on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, and Fatty Liver in Mice

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Obesity is a common cause of hyperlipidemia, which is a major coronary risk factor. Previous studies have shown red yeast rice (RYR) effectiveness in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RYR on obesity and hyperlipidemia. Mice were randomly separated into five groups: the control group with a normal diet, the high-fat diet (HFD) group fed a HFD without any treatment, and HFD-fed groups supplemented with RYR (1 g/kg/day for 8 weeks, 1 g/kg/day for 12 weeks, and 2.5 g/kg/day for 8 weeks). Body weight was recorded twice and food intake thrice weekly. Liver and fat pads were surgically removed and weighed. The levels of lipid parameters, liver enzymes, and leptin levels were measured. The HFD feeding resulted in obesity, which was associated with increases in body weight, liver weight, fat pad weight, liver enzymes, and plasma leptin levels with the development of hyperlipidemia. RYR prevented weight gain and fat pad weight in mice fed a HFD. RYR alleviated blood lipid parameters, liver enzymes, and leptin levels, and improved atherogenic index. These findings suggest that RYR has therapeutic potential in treating obesity and hyperlipidemia.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Mukai M, "Various S-GOT/SGPT ratios in nonviral liver disorders and related physical conditions and life-style" 47 : 549-555, 2002

2 James WP, "The epidemiology of obesity: The size of the problem" 263 : 336-352, 2008

3 Bjorntorp P, "Sjostrom L, +SJOSTROM L: Number and size of adipose tissue fat cells in relation to metabolism in human obesity" 20 : 703-713, 1971

4 Considine RV, "Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans" 334 : 292-295, 1996

5 Hoyos M, "Serum cholesterol and lipid peroxidation are decreased by melatonin in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats" 28 : 150-155, 2000

6 Klimek M, "Safety and efficacy of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia" 34 : 313-327, 2009

7 Morrison SF, "Reticulospinal vasomotor neurons of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: Relationship to sympathetic nerve activity and the C1 adrenergic cell group" 8 : 1286-1301, 1988

8 Holvoet P, "Relations between metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and inflammation and cardiovascular disease" 70 : 193-219, 2008

9 Ding M, "Red yeast rice repairs kidney damage and reduces inflammatory transcription factors in rat models of hyperlipidemia" 8 : 1737-1744, 2014

10 Becker DJ, "Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: A randomized trial" 150 : 830-839, 2009

11 Downs JR, "Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study" 279 : 1615-1622, 1998

12 Feuerstein JS, "Powdered red yeast rice and plant stanols and sterols to lower cholesterol" 9 : 110-115, 2012

13 O’Keefe JH, "Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor" 100 : 899-904, 2007

14 National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, obesity, and health risk" 160 : 898-904, 2000

15 ALLHAT Officers Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group, "Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT)" 288 : 2998-3007, 2002

16 Collins R, "MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: A randomised placebo-controlled trial" 361 : 2005-2016, 2003

17 Gaemers IC, "Lipotoxicity and steatohepatitis in an overfed mouse model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" 1812 : 447-458, 2011

18 Rader DJ, "Lipid and apolipoprotein ratios: Association with coronary artery disease and effects of rosuvastatin compared with atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin" 91 : 20C-23C, 2003

19 Friedman JM, "Leptin, leptin receptors, and the control of body weight" 56 : s38-s46, 1998

20 Leibowitz SF, "Leptin secretion after a high-fat meal in normal-weight rats: Strong predictor of long-term body fat accrual on a high-fat diet" 290 : E258-E267, 2006

21 Martin SS, "Leptin resistance: A possible interface of inflammation and metabolism in obesity-related cardiovascular disease" 52 : 1201-1210, 2008

22 Koh KK, "Leptin and cardiovascular disease:Response to therapeutic interventions" 117 : 3238-3249, 2008

23 Boers M, "Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis" 62 : 842-845, 2003

24 Wellen KE, "Inflammation, stress, and diabetes" 115 : 1111-1119, 2005

25 Chen K, "Induction of leptin resistance through direct interaction of C-reactive protein with leptin" 12 : 425-432, 2006

26 Li YG, "Identification and chemical profiling of monacolins in red yeast rice using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry" 35 : 1101-1112, 2004

27 Parthasarathy S, "High-density lipoprotein inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein" 1044 : 275-283, 1990

28 Ansell BJ, "High-density lipoprotein function recent advances" 46 : 1792-1798, 2005

29 McCarthy MI, "Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity" 363 : 2339-2350, 2010

30 Tontonoz P, "Fat and beyond: The diverse biology of PPARgamma" 77 : 289-312, 2008

31 Mills EJ, "Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: A network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials" 104 : 109-124, 2011

32 Baigent C, "Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins" 366 : 1267-1278, 2005

33 Goldstein MR, "Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis" 109 : 72-73, 2000

34 Sarmento A, "Effects of denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine on cell nucleus activity of arterial and cardiac cells of the dog" 7 : 119-126, 1987

35 Lal JJ, "Effect of in utero exposure of Toddy (coconut palm wine) on liver function and lipid metabolism in rat fetuses" 52 : 209-219, 1998

36 Ahmed U, "Effect of dietary fat to produce non-alcoholic fatty liver in the rat" 24 : 1463-1471, 2009

37 Lu Z, "Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction" 101 : 1689-1693, 2008

38 Paccaud F, "Dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity: An assessment in three general populations" 53 : 393-400, 2000

39 Hertog MG, "Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease:The Zutphen Elderly Study" 342 : 1007-1011, 1993

40 Libby P, "Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes" 104 : 365-372, 2001

41 Ma J, "Constituents of red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese food and medicine" 48 : 5220-5225, 2000

42 Heber D, "An analysis of nine proprietary Chinese red yeast rice dietary supplements:Implications of variability in chemical profile and contents" 7 : 133-139, 2001

43 Tilg H, "Adipocytokines: Mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity" 6 : 772-783, 2006

44 Malloy MJ, "A risk factor for atherosclerosis: Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins" 47 : 111-136, 2001