스마트도시 계획 진단을 통한 ‘스마트 지속가능도시’로의 전환방향 = Direction for a Transition toward Smart Sustainable Cities based on the Diagnosis of the Smart City Plans

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Ⅰ. Introduction
□ Achieving urban sustainability through smart cities is necessary to manage urban environmental problems that threaten human survival.
□ Smart city policy emphasizes the environmental aspects of urban areas while also embracing the social and economic sectors, allowing for the development of practical plans for urban sustainability.
ㅇ Smart city design seeks urban sustainability through its focus on cutting-edge technologies, there are still issues such as effectiveness against high capital inputs.
ㅇ Considering the rapid changes in external conditions such as climate change, natural disasters, environmental crises, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the Green New Deal, the strategic implementation of smart and sustainable cities is required.
□ This study suggests smart sustainable city policy directions that can improve the transition to smart cities.
ㅇ To apply the Smart City concept to sustainable city development, smart and sustainably city transition directions and strategies are suggested by defining a smart sustainable city, developing diagnostic indicators, and evaluating related plans.
ㅇ Supplementing and improving smart city policy by focusing on smart technology applications in urban areas and core technology advancement is recommended.
Ⅱ. Case Study and Literature Review
1. Smart Sustainable City Trend and Concept Analysis
□ The urban planning and design paradigm has shifted to focus on ecology and sustainability due to the rise of modernism and our understanding of the negative impacts of human activities on the global ecosystem.
ㅇ Beyond 20th-century modernism, where reality was interpreted atomically and mechanically, the ecological approach to understanding humans and natural systems as dynamic, evolving, and interdependent entities has expanded.
□ The Sustainable City concept emerged as a new initiative to manage urban problems during the 20th-century.
ㅇ Sustainable urban development refers to the diverse strategies and processes for improving city sustainability.
- Sustainable city is based on two factors: core concepts, such as saving energy, reducing waste and pollution, reducing automobile use, open spaces and sensitive ecosystems, and conserving livable local communities and cultural environments, and planning elements, such as population density control, diversity, mixed land use, compactness, sustainable transportation, passive solar design, and green design.
ㅇ Urban models for sustainable design that have received academic attention include compact cities, ecological cities, green cities, low-carbon cities, knowledge cities, and resilient cities.
- These city types offer solutions to various problems that have hindered urban sustainability over the past 20 years, and they are highly preferred urban models for sustainability.
□ Recently, the Smart City has emerged as a new urban model for sustainable cities.
ㅇ This concept stems from the fact that information technology, engineering, and big data and energy resources can help to sustainably manage cities.
- For example, through the integration of technology such as smart sensors, smart grids, big data networks, autonomous driving systems, and renewable energy generation, smart cities can improve energy generation and waste rates and reduce economic costs, environmental costs, and carbon emissions, effectively contributing to climate change adaptation.
□ However, smart urbanization does not guarantee the despite the goals of smart cities in the following scenarios;
ㅇ Sustainability is considered to conflict with the environmental and social aspects of development if approached from an economic point of view or if technological innovation is prioritized
- From the social perspective, the technological advantages of smart cities are not equally distributed, leading to inequality. Additionally, despite being innovative, the application of these technologies can cause significant losses in natural habitats and biodiversity.
2. Evaluation and Diagnostic Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities in South Korea and Abroad
□ Smart sustainable city indicators can play an important role in helping policy makers make decisions, simplifying a wide range of complex information and providing integrated perspectives on existing situations.
ㅇ The evaluation index can serve as a guide for setting targets that consider regional characteristics and for devising a plan to achieve these targets.
ㅇ In this study, based on Huovila, Bosch and Airaksinen(2019), who reviewed the most recent smart city and sustainable city indicators in-depth, seven international standards that were developed by the International Organization for Standardization, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and European standardization organizations to evaluate the sustainability and smartness of cities were evaluated. In addition, current widely utilized two indicators for plan and strategy and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 were also evaluated.
□ As a result, this study defines concepts such as smart sustainable cities, developing frameworks, and indicators.
Ⅲ. Establishment of Smart Sustainable City Concept and Derivation of Evaluation and Diagnostic Indicators
1. Redefinition of Smart Sustainable City Concept
□ The ITU definition of a smart sustainable city is applied in this study based on expert surveys, and the final definition is as follows.
ㅇ A smart sustainable city secures urban competitiveness concerning environmental, economic, social, and cultural aspects to meet the needs of both present and future generations. It aims for service efficiency and innovation by utilizing cutting-edge technologies to improve the quality of citizen lives and urban ecosystems.
- Beneficiaries: both current and future generations.
- Purpose: securing urban competitiveness and improving the quality of citizen lives and urban ecosystems.
- Primary developmental means: cutting-edge technologies including information and communications technology (ICT).
- Desired form: an efficient and innovative city the develops sustainably.
2. Smart Sustainable City Framework
□ In this study, a smart sustainable city paves the path for sustainable development by incorporating smart technologies into urban activities and services.
ㅇ Smart technologies promote the development of a sustainable city by using enablers to improve the environmental, economic, and social aspects that constitute sustainability.
□ The smart sustainable city framework is as follows.
ㅇ The environmental, economic, and social aspects that constitute sustainability are divided into eight areas based on previous studies: natural environment, environmental impacts and emissions, disaster, economy, social inclusion, basic services for quality of life, participation and cooperation, and governance.
- These eight areas are considered the primary city elements that require responsible management for present and future generations. Smart sustainable city development cannot focus on the short term; instead, it can be realized through medium- and long-term process-oriented pathways in which outcomes function as feedback.
3. Derivation of Smart Sustainable City Evaluation and Diagnostic Indicators
□ Smart sustainable city evaluation and diagnostic indicators were derived based on the following directions and principles.
※ Refer to pages 67-73 of the report for the diagnostic indicators
Ⅳ. Smart Sustainable City Plan Diagnosis
□ The “Diagnostic Indicators for Smart Sustainable City Planning” that were derived in this study were applied to selected case areas such as Incheon Metropolitan City and Goyang City, Gyeonggi Province.
ㅇ Draft indicators were derived from in-depth consultations on diagnostic indicators in the literature and case studies. The city master plans, smart city plans, and urban regeneration activation plans in the case study areas such as Incheon Metropolitan City and Goyang City, Gyeonggi Province were examined and evaluated by 10 experts.
ㅇ Based on the evaluation results, all six plans should improve overall sustainability and smartness.
※ Refer to pages 87-100 for the detailed results
□ The limitations and implications of the diagnostic indicators are as follows.
Ⅴ. Proposals for Transition Direction to Smart Sustainable City
□ Transition Direction to Smart Sustainable City
ㅇ The future urban form can incorporate an integrated connection between urban and technological developments.
ㅇ The foundation of smart resilience should be secured.
ㅇ Urban structural and operational service goals and should be converted.
□ Application strategies for related plans and policies
ㅇ Integrate city smart environmental plan management.
ㅇ Improve smart city planning to achieve sustainability.
ㅇ Improve standards for existing city plans and evaluations.
ㅇ Improve evaluation criteria for smart urban regeneration projects.
ㅇ Establish urban regeneration activation plans and improve project implementation guidelines.
ㅇ Use the smart sustainable city diagnosis to improve resident satisfaction and meet demands.
ㅇ Improve smart city diagnostic indicators.