Photogrammetric Analysis of Attractiveness in Indian Faces

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Background The objective of this study was to assess the attractive facial features of the Indian population. We tried to evaluate subjective ratings of facial attractiveness and identify which facial aesthetic subunits were important for facial attractiveness.
Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of 150 samples (referred to as candidates). Frontal photographs were analyzed. An orthodontist, a prosthodontist, an oral surgeon, a dentist, an artist, a photographer and two laymen (estimators) subjectively evaluated candidates’ faces using visual analog scale (VAS) scores. As an objective method for facial analysis, we used balanced angular proportional analysis (BAPA). Using SAS 10.1 (SAS Institute Inc.), the Turkey’s studentized range test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to detect between-group differences in VAS scores (Experiment 1), to identify correlations between VAS scores and BAPA scores (Experiment 2), and to analyze the characteristic features of facial attractiveness and gender differences (Experiment 3); the significance level was set at P=0.05.
Results Experiment 1 revealed some differences in VAS scores according to professional characteristics. In Experiment 2, BAPA scores were found to behave similarly to subjective ratings of facial beauty, but showed a relatively weak correlation coefficient with the VAS scores. Experiment 3 found that the decisive factors for facial attractiveness were different for men and women. Composite images of attractive Indian male and female faces were constructed.
Conclusions Our photogrammetric study, statistical analysis, and average composite faces of an Indian population provide valuable information about subjective perceptions of facial beauty and attractive facial structures in the Indian population.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Valentine T, "Why are average faces attractive? The effect of view and averageness on the attractiveness of female faces" 11 : 482-487, 2004

2 Naini FB, "Three-dimensional assessment of the relative contribution of genetics and environment to various facial parameters with the twin method" 126 : 655-665, 2004

3 Johnston DJ, "The influence of lower face vertical proportion on facial attractiveness" 27 : 349-354, 2005

4 Duggal S, "The esthetic zone of smile. Virtual J Orthod"

5 Rhee SC, "The average Korean attractive face" 30 : 729-730, 2006

6 Patil SB, "The average Indian female nose" 35 : 1036-1042, 2011

7 Jung Jae Jegal, "The Utility of a Three-Dimensional Approach with T-Shaped Osteotomy in Osseous Genioplasty" 대한성형외과학회 40 (40): 433-439, 2013

8 Perrett DI, "Symmetry human facial attractiveness" 20 : 295-307, 1999

9 Knight H, "Ranking facial attractiveness" 27 : 340-348, 2005

10 Lines PA, "Profilemetrics and facial esthetics" 73 : 648-657, 1978

11 Rhee SC, "Photogrammetric facial analysis of attractive Korean entertainers" 33 : 167-174, 2009

12 Holland E, "Marquardt’s Phi mask: pitfalls of relying on fashion models and the golden ratio to describe a beautiful face" 32 : 200-208, 2008

13 Farkas LG, "International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races" 16 : 615-646, 2005

14 Zhuang Z, "Facial anthropometric differences among gender, ethnicity, and age groups" 54 : 391-402, 2010

15 Naini FB, "Facial aesthetics concepts & clinical diagnosis" Wiley-Blackwell 2011

16 Dobke M, "Facial aesthetic preferences among Asian women: are all oriental Asians the same?" 30 : 342-347, 2006

17 Borman H, "Evaluation of soft-tissue morphology of the face in 1,050 young adults" 42 : 280-288, 1999

18 Gupta A, "Establishment of soft tissue norms for the north Indian population based on laymen perception" 13 : 22-28, 2014

19 Arunkumar KV, "Establishment of cephalometric norms for the South Indian (Karnataka) population based on Burstone’s analysis" 9 : 127-133, 2010

20 Oh HS, "Correlations between cephalometric and photographic measurements of facial attractiveness in Chinese and US patients after orthodontic treatment" 136 : 762.e1-762.e14, 2009

21 Reyneke JP, "Clinical assessment of the face" 18 : 172-186, 2012

22 Gulati R, "Cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery for North India (Eastern Uttar Pradesh)" 2 : 33-37, 2011

23 Rhee SC, "Attractive composite faces of different races" 34 : 800-801, 2010

24 Bashour M, "An objective system for measuring facial attractiveness" 118 : 757-774, 2006