Ureteral complications of gynecological surgery : prevention, diagnosis and treatment

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Why This Book? = 1
• 1.1 As a Pelvic Surgeon, Knowledge About the Ureter Should Be Important = 2
• 1.2 The Ureter, Taboo for Gynecologists? = 2
• 1.3 The Ureter, the Main Organ in Pelvic Surgery = 2
• 1.4 The Ureter, a Calm Neighbor = 2
• 1.5 The Ureter and Litigation = 2
• 1.6 Constant Vision of the Ureter During Pelvic Surgery = 2
• 1.7 Ureter Frowned upon or too Close to a Dissection Means Sometimes Stress for the Gynecologic Surgeon = 3
• Reference = 3
• Part I. Anatomy of the Ureter
• 2 Classic Anatomy = 7
• 2.1 General Anatomy = 8
• 2.2 Dimensions of the Ureter = 8
• 2.3 Anatomical Relationships of the Lumbar Segment = 10
• 2.3.1 Dorsally = 10
• 2.3.2 Laterally = 10
• 2.3.3 Medially = 10
• 2.3.4 Ventrally = 10
• 2.4 Crossing of the Infundibulopelvic Ligament = 10
• 2.5 Anatomical Relationships of the Iliac Segment = 12
• 2.5.1 Dorsally = 12
• 2.5.2 Laterally = 12
• 2.5.3 Medially = 12
• 2.5.4 Ventrally = 12
• 2.6 Anatomical Relationships of the Pelvic Segment = 12
• 2.6.1 Parietal Segment : Anterior Visualization of the Pelvic Segment = 16
• 2.6.2 Visceral Segment : Lateral Parametrium = 18
• 2.7 Bladder Portion = 20
• 2.8 Anatomical Relationships of the Ureter and Pelvic Vessels = 20
• 2.9 Cadaver Anatomy, Laparoscopic View of the Iliac Area = 22
• References = 24
• 3 Generalities on the Ureter = 25
• 3.1 Segmental Vascularization = 26
• 3.2 Nerves = 26
• 3.3 Congenital Anomalies = 28
• 3.4 Histology = 34
• 3.4.1 Adventitia = 34
• 3.4.2 Muscular Layer = 34
• 3.4.3 Mucosa = 34
• 3.4.4 Activity of the Ureter = 34
• 4 Different Anatomical Aspects of the Ureter in Laparoscopy = 37
• 4.1 Relationship Between Ureter and Promontory = 38
• 4.2 Ureter and Iliac Arteries in Laparoscopy = 38
• 4.3 Ureter and Infundibulopelvic Ligament, in Laparoscopy = 42
• 4.4 Ureter and Ovarian Fossa, in Laparoscopy = 48
• 4.5 Ureter and Uterosacral Ligaments = 52
• 4.6 Ureter and Hypogastric Nerve = 56
• 4.7 Ureter and Uterine Vessels in Laparoscopy = 58
• 4.8 Ureter and Entry in the Mackenrodt’s Ligament and into the Bladder = 60
• References = 64
• Part II. Lesions of the Ureter in Surgical Gynecology
• 5 Iatrogenic Lesions of the Ureter = 67
• 5.1 Thread Ligature = 68
• 5.2 Section = 72
• 5.3 Compression by Crushing = 72
• 5.4 Burn and Diathermy-Related Injury = 76
• 5.5 Denudation, Operative Adventitial Stripping =76
• 5.6 Perforation During an Endoluminal Procedure = 76
• 5.7 Kink = 76
• Reference = 78
• 6 Operations Causing Iatrogenic Lesions of the Ureter = 79
• 6.1 Hysterectomy = 80
• 6.1.1 Danger Zones = 80
• 6.2 Hysterectomy Associated with Adnexal Surgery and Ovariolysis = 90
• 6.3 Oophorectomy = 94
• 6.4 Surgery for Deep Endometriosis = 98
• 6.4.1 Frozen Pelvis = 98
• 6.4.2 Severe Ovariolysis = 100
• 6.4.3 Heat Transmission = 102
• 6.5 Radical Hysterectomy = 102
• 6.6 Vaginal Radical Hysterectomy (Schauta’s Operation) = 106
• 6.7 Perforation of the Isthmus of the Uterus = 106
• 6.8 Pelvic Organ Prolapse = 108
• 6.9 Stress Urinary Incontinence Treatment = 112
• 6.10 Obstetrical Practice = 112
• 6.11 In Summary of Iatrogenic Lesions of the Ureter = 112
• References = 114
• Part III. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Traumatic Lesions of the Ureter
• 7 Prevention of Traumatic Lesions of the Ureter During Gynecological Surgery = 117
• 7.1 Usual Recommendations = 118
• 7.1.1 Ureter and Pelvic Tumor = 118
• 7.1.2 Dissection Plane = 118
• 7.1.3 Bladder Pillars = 119
• 7.1.4 Hemostasis of Uterine Vessels = 119
• 7.1.5 Intraligamentous Uterine Leiomyoma = 119
• 7.1.6 Ureter and Ovarian Cyst = 119
• 7.2 Special Recommendations for Laparoscopic Hysterectomy = 120
• 7.2.1 Surgeon Experience = 120
• 7.2.2 Fenestration of the Broad Ligament = 120
• 7.2.3 Comfort Obtained with the Uterine Manipulator = 122
• 7.2.4 Ureter and Hemostasis of the Uterine Vessels = 122
• 7.2.5 Precise Level for the Treatment of the Uterine Pedicle = 124
• 7.2.6 Ureter and Bladder = 124
• 7.2.7 Limited Dissection of the Broad Ligament = 126
• 7.2.8 Closure of the Peritoneum = 126
• 7.3 Prevention of Ureteral Injury During Surgery for Endometriosis = 126
• 7.4 Prevention of Ureteral Injury During Occlusion of the Uterine Artery = 128
• 7.5 Prevention of Ureteral Injury in the Presence of Anatomical Anomalies = 130
• 7.6 Prevention of Ureteral Injury During High Plications of the Uterosacral Ligaments or McCall Procedure for Pelvic Reconstruction = 130
• 7.7 Prevention During Cesarean Section and Postpartum Hysterectomy for Hemorrhage = 130
• References = 132
• 8 What to Do during the Operation in the Event of a Suspected Ureteral Lesion? = 133
• 8.1 Intravenous Injection of Indigo Carmine at the Slightest Suspicion = 134
• 8.2 During Cystoscopy = 134
• 8.3 Recognition of an Intraoperative Complication = 138
• 8.3.1 Thread Ligation = 138
• 8.3.2 Thermal Injury = 138
• 8.3.3 Section of the Ureter = 138
• Reference = 138
• 9 What to Do after Surgery in Case of the Suspected Ureteral Lesion? = 139
• 9.1 Clinical Signs Suggesting a Postoperative Complication = 140
• 9.1.1 Ureter Obstruction = 140
• 9.1.2 Ureteral Leakage = 140
• 9.1.3 Ureter Fistula = 140
• 9.2 Imaging = 141
• 9.2.1 Abdominal Ultrasound = 141
• 9.2.2 Ureteric Jet on Ultrasound = 141
• 9.2.3 Intravenous Urography = 141
• 9.2.4 CT Urography. Plain Film Abdominal X-Ray Following a Contrast-Enhanced CT Scan = 141
• 9.2.5 MR Urography = 141
• 9.2.6 9mTc MAG3 Renal Scintigraphy = 141
• 9.2.7 Retrograde Pyelogram = 142
• 9.2.8 Iconography of Radiological Images =142
• 9.2.9 Intravenous Indocyanine Green Administration = 156
• 10 Treatment of the Ureteral Lesion = 161
• 10.1 Techniques for Urinary Drainage = 162
• 10.1.1 Ureteral Stent (Double-J Catheter) = 162
• 10.1.2 Ureteral Catheter (“Single-J” Catheter) = 162
• 10.1.3 Nephrostomy Tube = 163
• 10.1.4 Success Rates of Ureteral Drainage = 163
• 10.2 Surgical Reconstruction = 163
• 10.2.1 Ureteral Resection and Anastomosis (Ureteroureterostomy) = 163
• 10.2.2 Ureterovesical Reimplantation (Ureteroneocystostomy) = 164
• References = 170
• Part IV. Ureteral Endometriosis
• 11 Ureteral Endometriosis. = 173
• 11.1 Frequency of Ureteral Endometriosis = 174
• 11.2 Defnitions = 174
• 11.2.1 Extrinsic Endometriosis = 174
• 11.2.2 Intrinsic Endometriosis = 174
• 11.3 Diagnosis of Ureteral Endometriosis = 174
• 11.4 Treatments of Ureteral Endometriosis = 174
• 11.4.1 Excision of all Pelvic Endometriotic Lesions = 174
• 11.4.2 Ureterolysis = 175
• 11.4.3 Segmental Resection = 175
• 11.4.4 Reimplantation = 176
• References = 176
• Take Home Message = 177