백제 구휼 제도의 운영 = Operation of the Baekje Relief System

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The paper is examines what kind of relief system existed before the Daesikje, which has not been studied in previous studies, and what influences led to the establishment of the relief system in Baekje in comparison with China and Japan.
In ancient China, the virtues of the monarch were demonstrated through the free relief policy of 'Jinje', which directly alleviated the poverty of the people, the grain loan policy of 'Jindae', and the grain price control policy of 'Jinjo'. The method of relief for the people can also be confirmed by the 'Rites of Zhou', a Confucian classic of the Zhou dynasty, and it can be seen that relief was implemented with the 'Rites of Zhou' as the basic ideological background during the ancient Three Kingdoms period.
The records of the Book of Wei show that during the Han and Northern Wei dynasties in China, relief was provided by sending envoys and opening warehouses when natural disasters occurred. Relief measures in the form of sending envoys to the affected areas, opening warehouses and releasing grain were important steps taken by the state to stabilise the population and prevent refugees.
In the Wei-Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties, when disaster relief was considered, the provincial governor submitted a report, the court sent an envoy to investigate and report on the situation, and only after imperial approval could actual relief be carried out. As the decision to open warehouses and provide relief was taken solely by the central government, those who failed to report famine or opened warehouses without permission were severely punished.
In addition to the relief system, which distributed free grain to the poor, China also introduced a grain loan scheme called Jindai. Grain loans were mainly provided by central or local governments, and people had to pay interest on the grain they borrowed. In this regard, grain loan records can be confirmed in the Changsha Zhu Ma Lou Bamboo Slips. The practice of lending and returning rice stored in warehouses was carried out in China through bamboo slips, and it seems that this Daesik system was inherited by various countries of the Southern Dynasties and then passed on to the Baekje's 'Daesik' system.
Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje all implemented basic relief policies, providing free food and clothing to the socially disadvantaged (widows, widowers, orphans, and the elderly living alone). Then, when a natural disaster occurred and the people starved, relief developed into sending envoys and opening warehouses to provide grain. In the case of Baekje, after the centralized system was established, when relief was implemented by opening warehouses and releasing grain, the authority to receive and disburse from the warehouses lay with the central government. Subsequently, a relief system was introduced in the form of Jindae, which lent grain at a certain interest rate, similar to the representative relief system of Goguryeo, the Jindae method. In Goguryeo, as a national policy to protect the people, the government first introduced the practice during the reign of King Gogukcheon of lending grain during the spring famine and demanding repayment at harvest time. This practice became standardized.
With the excavation of the Zuogwandaesikgi (Records of Grain Loans for Officials) wooden tablet, it was confirmed that there was a relief system called 'Daesikje' in the Baekje Sabi period. The main content of the Zuogwandaesikgi wooden tablet is about lending grain, and the warehouse where the loaned grain was received and paid can be considered to be the Oegyeongbu (Outer Palace Storehouse), one of the 12 Naegwanbu of Baekje, which was in charge of warehouse work outside the palace. At the Ssangbuk-ri remains, which was the political and administrative center for running the country, a Zuogwandaesikgi wooden tablet and Oegyeongbu wooden tablet were unearthed. It is believed that each of Gwanseo's districts had a relief office and an external storage unit (Oegyeongbu).
The Baekje relief system, which was established under the influence of China, also had a great influence on Japan. In ancient Japan, as in China and the Three Kingdoms, relief was provided in the form of a free relief system in the form of the relief promotion system (Jingeup), the relief aid system (Jindae) and the grain loan system. In Japan, when natural disasters occurred, grain was provided to the people free of charge, and relief promotion was not provided directly by the Empire, but rather through procedures such as a government order after the Empire had applied for relief. From the wooden tablets that were later discovered, it can be confirmed that the grain loan system called 'Chulgeo' was in place. In Japan, the loan system 'Chulgeo' was implemented twice a year: rice seeds were lent to farmers in the spring and summer, and the money was repaid with interest at harvest time. Using the data from the wooden tablets, we were able to confirm the similarity between the Japanese Chulgeo system and the Baekje Daesik system.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 고대 동아시아 구휼 제도 4
• 1. 중국 남북조 시기 구휼 제도· 6
• 2. 고구려와 신라의 구휼 제도· 15
• Ⅲ. 백제 구휼 제도의 운영 25
• 1. 백제 한성·웅진기 구휼 제도 25
• 2. 백제 사비기 구휼 제도와 일본 출거제 28
• 3. 백제 구휼 제도의 운영 39
• Ⅳ. 맺음말 42
• 참고문헌 45
• ABSTRACT 49