Evaluating South Korea’s Mixed Legislative System: A Cross-National Analysis of District Competition

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Does South Korea’s mixed legislative system create unique outcomes compared to other mixed systems? For example, a cursory view suggests most mixed systems see a multitude of parties, whereas South Korea’s mixed system appears to have produced a reduction in parties. Through a greater cross-national comparison of district level elections in mixed systems, this analysis finds limited evidence suggestive of a Korean or even a East Asian divergence within district elections. Ultimately this analysis highlights the role of institutional variation within mixed systems and the limits of country-specific or cultural arguments.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Park, Chan Wook, "Who Split the Vote How and Why? Korean Voters’ Choice in the April 2004 General Election for the National Assembly, In The Analysis of the 17th General Election for the National Assembly" Purungil 2005

2 Bochsler, Daniel, "Who Gains From Apparentments under D’Hondt?" 29 : 2010

3 Thompson, Mark R., "Whatever Happened to ‘Asian Values’?" 12 (12): 2001

4 Blais, Andre, "What Affects Voter Turnout?" 9 : 2006

5 Flannigan, Scott C., "Value Change and Democratic Reform in Japan and Korea" 33 (33): 2000

6 Huntington, Samuel P., "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century" University of Oklahoma Press 1991

7 Shin, Don Chull, "The Third Wave in East Asia: Comparative and Dynamic Perspectives" 4 (4): 2008

8 Lijphart, Arend, "The Problem of Low and Unequal Voter Turnout - and What We Can Do About It" 54 : 1998

9 Robinson, Richard, "The Politics of Asian Values" 9 (9): 1996

10 Lijphart, Arend, "The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85" 84 (84): 1990

11 Reynolds Andrew, "The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design" International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 1997

12 Bielasiak Jack, "The Institutionalization of Electoral and Party Systems in Post-communist States" 34 (34): 2002

13 Moser, Robert G., "The Impact of Parliamentary Electoral Systems in Russia" 13 (13): 1997

14 Fish, M. Steven, "The Executive Deception: Superpresidentialism and the Degradation of Russian Politics, In Building the Russian State: Institutional Crisis and the Quest for Democratic Governance" Westview Press 2000

15 Yu, Ching-Hsin, "The Evolving Party System in Taiwan" 40 : 2005

16 Bauer, Joanne R., "The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights" Cambridge University Press 1999

17 Shin, Jae Hyeok, "The Choice of Electoral Systems in New Democracies: A Case Study of South Korea in 1988" 18 (18): 2011

18 Ian McAllister, "Social Structure and Party Support in the East Asian Democracies" 동아시아연구원 7 (7): 225-249, 2007

19 Emmerson, Donald, "Singapore and the ‘Asian Values’ Debate" 6 (6): 1995

20 Taagepera, Rein, "Seats and Votes" Yale University Press 1989

21 Schuster, Karsten, "Seat Biases of Apportionment Methods for Proportional Representation" 22 (22): 2003

22 Cox, Gary W., "SNTV and d’Hondt are ‘Equivalent’" 10 (10): 1991

23 Clark, Wiiliam R., "Rehabilitating Duverger’s Theory: Testing the Mechanical and Strategic Modifying Effects of Electoral Laws" 39 (39): 2006

24 김왕배, "Regionalism: Its Origins and Substance with Competition and Exclusion" 유네스코한국위원회 43 (43): 5-31, 2003

25 Kwon, Keedon, "Regionalism in South Korea: Its Origins and Role in Her Democratization" 32 (32): 2004

26 Cho, Kisuk, "Regionalism in Korean Elections and Democratization: An Empirical Analysis" 22 (22): 1998

27 Cho, Kisuk, "Regionalism and Rational Voters" Nanam Press 2000

28 Kim, Hee Min, "Rational Actors and Institutional Choices in Korea" 15 (15): 2000

29 Shugart, Matthew Soberg, "Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics" Cambridge University Press 1992

30 Clark, Terry D., "Presidentialism and Effect of Electoral Law in Post Communist Systems: Regime Type Matters" 38 (38): 2005

31 Duverger, Maurice, "Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State" Methuen & Company 1954

32 Park, Chan Wook, "Patterns of Split-Ticket Voting in the 2008 Korean General Election for the National Assembly" 2009

33 Mair, Peter, "Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretation" Oxford University Press 1997

34 Park, Kyungmee, "Party Mergers and Splits in New Democracies: The Case of South Korea (1987-2007)" 45 (45): 2010

35 Allen Hicken, "Party Fabrication Constitutional Reform and the Rise of Thai Rak Thai" 동아시아연구원 6 (6): 381-407, 2006

36 Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, "Party Dominance and the Logic of Electoral Design in Mexico’s Transition to Democracy" 13 (13): 2001

37 Shugart, Matthew Soberg, "Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?" Oxford University Press 2001

38 Ferrara, Frederico, "Mixed Electoral Systems: Combination and Its Consequences" Palgrave 2005

39 Massicotte Louis, "Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey" 18 (18): 1999

40 Moser, Robert G., "Mixed Electoral Systems and Electoral System Effects: Controlled Comparison and Cross-National Analysis" 23 (23): 2004

41 Nishikawa, Misa, "Mixed Electoral Rules’ Impact on Party Systems" 23 (23): 2004

42 Cox, Gary W., "Marking Votes Count: Strategic Co-ordination in the World’s Electoral Systems" Cambridge University Press 1997

43 Rich, Timothy S., "Institutional Variation and the Effects on District Competition: The Case of South Korea" 47 (47): 2011

44 최정욱, "Institutional Interaction and Strategic Voting in Korea's New Mixed Electoral System" 국제학연구소 13 (13): 111-122, 2006

45 Rich, Timothy S., "Institutional Influences on Turnout in Mixed Member Electoral Systems: An Exploratory Analysis"

46 Sen, Amartya, "Human Rights and Asian Values: What Lee Kuan Yew and Le Peng Don’t Understand about Asia" 217 (217): 1997

47 He, Bao, "Four Models of the Relationship between Confucianism and Democracy" 37 (37): 2010

48 Ordeshook, Peter, "Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude, and the Number of Parties" 38 (38): 1994

49 Solinger, Dorothy J., "Ending One-Party Dominance: Korea, Taiwan, Mexico" 12 (12): 2001

50 Reynolds, Andrew, "Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook" International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2005

51 Jones, Mark P., "Electoral Laws and the Effective Number of Candidates in Presidential Elections" 61 (61): 1999

52 Ferrara, Federico, "Electoral Coordination and the Strategic Desertion of Strong Parties in Compensatory Mixed Systems with Negative Vote Transfers" 23 (23): 2004

53 Kostadinova, Tatiana, "Do Mixed Electoral Systems Matter?: A Cross-National Analysis of Their Effects in Eastern Europe" 21 (21): 2002

54 Kitschelt, Hebert, "Divergent Paths of Post-communist Democracies, In Political Parties and Democracy" Johns Hopkins Press 2001

55 Reilly, Benjamin, "Democratization and Electoral Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region: Is There an ‘Asian Model’ of Democracy?" 40 (40): 2007

56 Reed, Steven R., "Democracy and the Personal Vote: A Cautionary Tale from Japan" 13 (13): 1994

57 Zakaria, Fareed, "Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew" 73 (73): 1994

58 Reich, Gary M., "Coordinating Party Choice in Founding Elections: Why Timing Matters" 34 (34): 2001

59 Powell, G. Bingham, "Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence" Harvard University Press 1982

60 Herron, Erik S., "Contamination Effects and the Number of Parties in Mixed Superposition Electoral Systems" 20 (20): 2001

61 Lancaster, Thomas D., "Comparative Pork Barrel Politics: Perceptions from the West German Bundestag" 22 (22): 1990

62 Lipset, Seymour, "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: An Introduction, In Party Systems and Voter Allignments: Cross-National Perspectives" Free Press 1967

63 Brennan, Andrew, "Autonomy and Interdependence: A Dialogue between Liberalism and Confucianism" 38 (38): 2007

64 Pye, Lucian W., "Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimension of Authority" Harvard University Press 1997

65 Acharya, Amitav, "Asia is Not One" 69 (69): 2010

66 Brambor, Thomas, "Are African Party Systems Different?" 26 : 2007

67 Bai, Tongdong, "A Mencian Version of Limited Democracy" 14 (14): 2008

68 Baek, Mijeong, "A Comparative Analysis of Political Communication Systems and Voter Turnout" 53 (53): 2009