용기의 정당화와 그 교육 가능성 = The Justification and Possibilities of Education on Courage

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this thesis is to clarify the concept of `courage` or `couageous action`, to justify values of it, and to discuss on the possibilites of rearing of it in education. Conclusions are as following. First, researcher investigated the meaning of courage including some dictionarys(Concise Oxford Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Dictionary, as example). And I introduced classical meanings in works of Greek and mediaeval philosophers. Though efforts of above philosophers distributed on understanding of descriptive meanings of courage, it only explained one side of many meanings of courage. And so, I tried to analyse modern meanings of it. At the same time, researcher criticized some views of modern philosophers discussed on the courage with analytical methods. To call a certain action `couragous`, it would be demands to some conditions: situation with dangers and pains, good aim(end) and intention, and rational or desirable methods to solve dangerous situation. Secondly, tried by two ethical theories teleological and deontological theories. Utilitarians justfied couragous action in utility or consequences of action. They not concernd with good motive and intention with desirable results. They failed to notice the possibilities of which courageous action would perform by a certain duty in some situation. The deontological ethicians as Kant emphasized duty of action, but they failed to notice of which many acts of courage are beyond duty(supererogatory). Though a action was not justified by consequences and duties, we say not that it has not a intrinsic values, at the same time need not pursuit it. Thirdly, reseacher discussed on possiblities of rearing of courageous action in education. One of aims in education is to bring up people to couragous. Human qualities in courageous action would be acquired a posteriori. Adults or school teachers ought to explain why needs courageous action in our practical or moral life. And they must act on as model of couragous people. Moreover, they ought to guide young peoples to think rationally, to choose more desirable method to solve the dangerous situation, to act on some rational or moral principles.