People’s Perception and Consequences of Political Violence in Central Terai of Nepal = 네팔 Central Terai의 정치폭력범죄행위에 대한 사람들의 인식과 결과들에 대한 범죄학적 접근

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 정치폭력범죄행위에 내제되어 있는 의미를 재해석하기 위함으로, 이를 위해 네팔의 Central Terai 지역의 정치폭력범죄행위에 대한 사람들의 인식과 그에 대한 결과 등에 대해 범죄학적 관점에서 살펴보는 것이 목적이다. 특히, 본 논문은 시골과 중소도시의 사람들을 대상으로 정치폭력범죄행위를 어떻게 받아들이고, 또한 어떠한 의미로 해석하는지 그리고 이에 대해서 어떻게 반응을 보이는지에 초점을 두었다. 더욱이, 정치폭력범죄행위에 대한 네팔사람들의 경험 그리고 이에 대한 느낌들에 대해서 그들이 어떻게 해석하고 의미를 부여하는 지에 중점을 두었다. 이를 위해 인터뷰에 기초한 연구방법이 채택되었으며, 연구대상 지역(Birgunj, Kalaiya, Gaur and Jankapur)에 거주하는 정치폭력의 경험을 가지거나 혹은 목격한 남여(지역사회의 저널리스트와 지역단체장 및 인권운동가들을 포함한)를 대상으로 하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to un-ravel the underlying mystifying agent that offer ‘meaning’ to the present violence. To do so, the paper is discussed people’s perception and consequences of political violence in central Terai using the criminological perspectives. The aim of study is to convey the general impression of the way in which people in the villages and towns discuss violence among themselves and to the others. The paper is pursued to describe people’s feelings and experiences of violence, the way they have felt and analysed, to position the discussions in a larger academic debate. To take the discussion forward, paper is placed questions such as how do people understand violence in central Terai and what do they talk about it? How do they cope and whether their daily life situations are influenced by such violence? Whilst interrogating these questions, the type of violence, and the people who encourage and organise violence has also been reflected upon. In order to present the case, ethnographic information was collected in central Terai, especially, in Inarwasira VDC of Bara district, in Nepal between December 2010 and February 2011. Data was also supported from informal discussions held in Rautahat, Parsa and Dhanusa districts. People for interviews were considered both men and women based on their past experiences of violence and those who witnessed it from a distance, including local leaders, journalists in the community as well as aid agency workers and human rights activists in the district towns. Informants were included people at local towns such as Birgunj, Kalaiya, Gaur and Jankapur.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• Ⅰ. Introduction
• Ⅱ. Violence in Central Terai
• Ⅲ. People’s Perception of Violence in Central Terai
• Ⅳ. Effects of Violence
• Ⅴ. Conclusion
• Reference
• 국문요약

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Human Right Report, "world report 2011" Human Rights Watch 2011

2 Human Right Report, "world report 2010" Human Rights Watch 2010

3 Žižek, Slavoj, "Violence" Profile Books 2009

4 Gurung, Harka, "Trident and Thunderbolt: Cultural dynamics in Nepalese Politics" Social Science Baha 2003

5 Jha, Prasant, "Three years later: Madhesis have it far better in January 2010 than in January, (22 Jan - 28 Jan)"

6 Giddens, Antony, "The nation state and violence" Polity Press 294-341, 1985

7 Jha, Prasant, "The centre can’t hold: All the parties are competing to appease the militants, (27 Feb - 05 Mar)"

8 Burghart, Richard, "The Formation of the Concept of the Nation-state in Nepal" 15 (15): 1-101, 1984

9 Kakar, Sudhir, "The Colour of Violence: Cultural identities, Religion and Conflict" The University of Chicago Press 1996

10 최관, "The Approach of the 'Positivist' School and the 'Interpretative' School to the Relationship between Theory and Method, using examples from Criminological Research" 한국콘텐츠학회 4 (4): 16-19, 2008

11 Tiwari, Ajit, "Terror in the Terai, (04 May 2007 - 10 May 2007)"

12 Jha, Prasant, "Terai fragments: Caste and militancy splinters the Madhes movement, (21 Nov - 27 Nov)"

13 최관, "Tackling Domestic Violence in UK: Persistent Problems" 국제지역연구센터 12 (12): 17-43, 2009

14 OHCHR-Nepal, "Summary of human rights concerns arising from the Terai protests of 13 – 29 February"

15 Liechty, Mark, "Suitably Modern: Making Middle Class Culture in Kathmandu" Martine Chautari 2003

16 Jha, Prasant, "Still a mess: The only hope for the Madhes is sensitive and sincere dealings by Kathmandu, (23 Jan - 29 Jan)"

17 Tambiah, S. J., "Sri Lanka: ethnic fratricide and the dismantling of democracy" Chicago University Press 114-121, 1986

18 Hansen, Thomas Blom, "Sovereign Bodies: citizen, migrants and states in the postcolonial world" Princeton University Press 1-36, 2005

19 Shah, Govind, "Social Inclusion of Madheshi Community in Nation Building Civil Society Forum Workshop" For Social Inclusion Research Fund 2006

20 Kirsch, Stuart, "Rumour and Other Narratives of Political Violence in West Papua" 22 (22): 53-79, 2002

21 Jha, Chandrakishore, "Role of Dialogue in Mainstreaming the Armed and Political Groups in Terai" FES 2008

22 Gaige, Frederick H., "Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal" Social Science Baha, Himal Books 2009

23 Ardent, Hannah, "Reflections on Violence" Review of Books 1969

24 Hansen, T. B., "Recuperating Masculinity: Hindu nationalism, violence and the exorcism of the Muslim ‘Other’" 16 (16): 137-172, 1996

25 International Crisis Group, "Nepal’s Troubled Terai Region" ICG 2007

26 Hutt, M. James, "Nepali: a national langauge and its literature" Ratna Pustak Bhandar 1988

27 Guneratne, Arjun, "Modernization, the State, and the Construction of a Tharu Identity in Nepal" 57 (57): 749-773, 1998

28 Straight, Bilinda, "Making Sense of Violence in the “Badlands” of Kenya" 34 (34): 21-30, 2009

29 Tambiah, S. J., "Levelling Crowds: Ethnonationalist conflicts and collective violence in South Asia" University of California Press 1996

30 Lal, C K., "Lament for Lahan, (26 Jan – 1 Feb)"

31 Thorp, Rosemary, "Inequality, Ethnicity, Political Mobilisation and Political Violence in Latin America: The Cases of Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru" 25 (25): 453-480, 2006

32 Sen, Amartya, "Identity and Violence" W. Norton & Company 2006

33 Pettigrew, J., "Fear and everyday life in rural Nepal" 33 : 403-422, 2009

34 Daley, Patricia, "Ethnicity and political violence in Africa: The challenge to the Burundi state" 25 : 657-679, 2006

35 Boellstoff, Tom, "Emergence of Political Homophobia in Indonesia: Masculinity and National Belonging" 69 (69): 465-486, 2004

36 Lal, C K., "Cultural flows across a blurred boundary" Himal Books 100-118, 2002

37 Benjamin, Walter, "Critique of Violence, Selected Writings, 1" 277-300, 1999

38 Sharma, Vijaya R., "Comparative Study of Federation Proposals for Nepal" 2 (2): 2007

39 Lal, C K., "Akrosh Ko Agena Cheuchau (1-3-2010)"

40 Hill, Jr. Thomes, "A Kantian Perspective on Political Violence" 1 : 105-140, 1997