가정용 냉장고 내부 표면에서 로타바이러스의 검출과 유전형 분석 = Detection of Rotavirus from the Inner Surfaces of Domestic Refrigerators

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Background: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, particularly in children, and is transmitted through the fecal-to-oral route by contaminated food or the environment. This study examined the contamination of the inner surfaces of domestic refrigerators with pathogens causing gastroenteritis.
Methods: Swab specimens from shelf surfaces of freezers and refrigerators were collected from 10 domestic refrigerators. Multiplex PCR for bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis was performed. The VP7 and VP4 genes of rotavirus were amplified and then analyzed by DNA sequencing.
Results: Rotavirus was detected in five domestic refrigerators in the same apartment complex. All rotavirus samples showed the G1 genotype and the same DNA sequences. No pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis were identified in the other five domestic refrigerators.
Conclusions: The inner surfaces of domestic refrigerators can be contaminated with pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis, such as rotavirus. Attention should be given to the hygiene of refrigerators. To estimate the contamination or hygienic status for food storage, testing for viral pathogens combined with ordinary bacterial cultures may be necessary.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

배경: Rotavirus는 주로 소아에서 장염을 일으키는 바이러스로 식품이나 환경과의 접촉을 통해 분변-구강 경로로 전염된다. Rotavirus가 생활 환경에 오염 되는 경우에도 감염원이 될 가능성이 있다. 이 연구는 분자진단법을 사용하여 가정용 냉장고 내부 표면에서 급성위장관염을 유발할 수 있는 미생물의 오염 여부를 확인하기 위하여 시행하였다.
방법: 10가구의 가정용 냉장고에서 냉장실과 냉동실 표면의 도말검체를 얻었고, multiplex PCR을 이용하여 급성위장관염을 유발할 수 있는 세균과 바이러스 검출을 시행하였다. Rotavirus가 검출된 경우 VP7, VP4 유전자에 대한 PCR과 유전자염기서열분석을 시행하여 G 유형과 P 유형을 분석하였다.
결과: 동일한 아파트 단지에 위치한 5가구의 냉장고에서 rotavirus가 검출되었다. Rotavirus 유형은 G1이었으며 모두 동일한 염기서열을 보였다. 다른 도시에 위치한 5가구에서는 급성위장관염을 유발하는 미생물이 검출되지 않았다.
결론: 가정용 냉장고 내부는 급성위장관염을 유발하는 미생물이 오염될 수 있으며, 일부 냉장고에서 rotavirus가 검출되어 위생상 주의가 필요하다. 식품보관장소의 오염이나 위생상태를 추정하기 위해서는 일반적인 세균배양법 외에도 급성위장관염을 유발하는 바이러스를 검사할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이승옥, "다중 중합효소연쇄반응법을 이용한 급성 감염성 설사의 원인세균 13종 및 바이러스 5종 검출" 대한임상미생물학회 16 (16): 33-38, 2013

2 Agócs MM, "WHO global rotavirus surveillance network: a strategic review of the first 5 years, 2008-2012" 63 : 634-637, 2014

3 Dennehy PH, "Transmission of rotavirus and other enteric pathogens in the home" 19 : S103-S105, 2000

4 Jackson V, "The incidence of significant foodborne pathogens in domestic refrigerators" 18 : 346-351, 2007

5 Barker J, "Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes" 91 : 7-21, 2001

6 Boone SA, "Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease" 73 : 1687-1696, 2007

7 Butz AM, "Prevalence of rotavirus on high-risk fomites in day-care facilities" 92 : 202-205, 1993

8 Miko BA, "Personal and household hygiene, environmental contamination, and health in undergraduate residence halls in New York City, 2011" 8 : e81460-, 2013

9 이정훈, "Molecular Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Urban Rivers in Korea" 한국미생물·생명공학회 18 (18): 1156-1163, 2008

10 WHO, "Manual of rotavirus detection and characterization methods"

11 Park SH, "Human enteric viruses in groundwater" 2 : 69-73, 2010

12 WHO, "Five keys to safer food manual"

13 김자영, "Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Assay for the Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Stool Samples" 대한진단검사의학회 34 (34): 216-222, 2014

14 Carducci A, "Environmental survey to assess viral contamination of air and surfaces in hospital settings" 77 : 242-247, 2011

15 Cheong S, "Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in South Korea" 75 : 7745-7751, 2009

16 Han TH, "Detection of norovirus genogroup IV, klassevirus, and pepper mild mottle virus in sewage samples in South Korea" 159 : 457-463, 2014

17 Bloomfield SF, "Cross-contamination and infection in the domestic environment and the role of chemical disinfectants" 83 : 1-9, 1997

18 Gallimore CI, "Contamination of the hospital environment with gastroenteric viruses: comparison of two pediatric wards over a winter season" 46 : 3112-3115, 2008

19 Kim JS, "Analysis of rotavirus genotypes in Korea during 2013: an increase in the G2P[4] genotype after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines" 32 : 6396-6402, 2014

20 Tate JE, "2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 12 : 136-141, 2012