Identification of cranial nerve ganglia using sectioned images and three-dimensional models of a cadaver

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Background: Cranial nerve ganglia, which are prone to viral infections and tumors, are located deep in the head, so their detailed anatomy is difficult to understand using conventional cadaver dissection. For locating the small ganglia in medical images, their sectional anatomy should be learned by medical students and doctors. The purpose of this study is to elucidate cranial ganglia anatomy using sectioned images and three-dimensional (3D) models of a cadaver.
Methods: One thousand two hundred and forty-six sectioned images of a male cadaver were examined to identify the cranial nerve ganglia. Using the real color sectioned images, real color volume model having a voxel size of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 mm was produced.
Results: The sectioned images and 3D models can be downloaded for free from a webpage, anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/ganglia. On the images and model, all the cranial nerve ganglia and their whole course were identified. In case of the facial nerve, the geniculate, pterygopalatine, and submandibular ganglia were clearly identified. In case of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the superior, inferior, and otic ganglia were found. Thanks to the high resolution and real color of the sectioned images and volume models, detailed observation of the ganglia was possible. Since the volume models can be cut both in orthogonal planes and oblique planes, advanced sectional anatomy of the ganglia can be explained concretely.
Conclusions: The sectioned images and 3D models will be helpful resources for understanding cranial nerve ganglia anatomy, for performing related surgical procedures.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Park JS, "Visible Korean human : improved serially sectioned images of the entire body" 24 : 352-360, 2005

2 Roh TH, "Virtual dissection of the real brain : integration of photographic 3D models into virtual reality and its effect on neurosurgical resident education" 51 : E16-, 2021

3 Mei X, "Vascular supply of the human spiral ganglion:novel three-dimensional analysis using synchrotron phase-contrast imaging and histology" 10 : 5877-, 2020

4 Miller RB, "Vagal paraganglioma : the Jefferson experience" 122 : 482-487, 2000

5 Lan MY, "Using greater superficial petrosal nerve and geniculate ganglion as the only two landmarks for identifying internal auditory canal in middle fossa approach" 267 : 1867-1871, 2010

6 Franzini A, "Treatments of glossopharyngeal neuralgia : towards standard procedures" 38 (38): 51-55, 2017

7 Spock T, "Transoral submandibular ganglion neurectomy : an anatomical feasibility study" 124 : 341-344, 2015

8 Senger M, "Topography, syntopy and morphology of the human otic ganglion : a cadaver study" 196 : 327-335, 2014

9 Tubbs RS, "The relationship between the superior petrosal sinus and the porus trigeminus : an anatomical study" 119 : 1221-1225, 2013

10 Rusu MC, "The pterygopalatine ganglion in humans : a morphological study" 191 : 196-202, 2009

11 Piagkou M, "The pterygopalatine ganglion and its role in various pain syndromes: from anatomy to clinical practice" 12 : 399-412, 2012

12 Li X, "The first step for neuroimaging data analysis : DICOM to NIfTI conversion" 264 : 47-56, 2016

13 Sinnreich Z, "The ciliary ganglion in man(anatomical observations)" 150 : 287-297, 1981

14 Kim CY, "The Visible Korean : movable surface models of the hip joint" 43 : 559-566, 2021

15 Park JS, "Technical report on semiautomatic segmentation using the Adobe Photoshop" 18 : 333-343, 2005

16 Tolba R, "Sphenopalatine ganglion block and radiofrequency ablation : technical notes and efficacy" 19 : 32-37, 2019

17 Tepper SJ, "Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG): stimulation mechanism, safety, and efficacy" 57 (57): 14-28, 2017

18 정범선 ; 박진서, "Real-Color Volume Models Made from Real-Color Sectioned Images of Visible Korean" 대한의학회 34 (34): 1-10, 2019

19 Hamzaoğlu V, "Radioanatomic assessment of the geniculate ganglion dehiscence and dimension : a cadaveric study" 134 : e913-e919, 2020

20 Crespi J, "Prediction of the sphenopalatine ganglion localization in computerized tomography images" 2019

21 Crespi J, "Open-label, multi-dose, pilot safety study of injection of onabotulinumtoxinA toward the otic ganglion for the treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache" 60 : 1632-1643, 2020

22 Tesapirat L, "Morphometric study of the ciliary ganglion and its pertinent intraorbital procedure" 79 : 438-444, 2020

23 Zhang L, "Mechanism and prevention of spiral ganglion neuron degeneration in the cochlea" 15 : 814891-, 2022

24 de Bree R, "Management of Frey syndrome" 29 : 773-778, 2007

25 Saremi F, "MRI of cranial nerve enhancement" 185 : 1487-1497, 2005

26 VandeVyver V, "MRI findings of the normal and diseased trigeminal nerve ganglion and branches : a pictorial review" 90 : 272-277, 2007

27 Rong Z, "Lacrimal hyposecretion : a surgical complication of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma" 29 : 367-371, 2008

28 Song MH, "Jugular foramen schwannoma : analysis on its origin and location" 29 : 387-391, 2008

29 Wu YW, "Imaging features differentiating vestibular ganglion from intracanalicular schwannoma on single-sequence non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging study" 49 : 65-71, 2020

30 Mancall EL, "Gray’s clinical neuroanatomy: the anatomic basis for clinical neuroscience" Elsevier Health Sciences 315-317, 2011

31 Archie KA, "DicomBrowser : software for viewing and modifying DICOM metadata" 25 : 635-645, 2012

32 Bratbak DF, "Depicting the pterygopalatine ganglion on 3 Tesla magnetic resonance images" 40 : 689-695, 2018

33 An JX, "Computed tomography-guided percutaneous ozone injection of the Gasserian ganglion for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia" 11 : 255-263, 2018

34 Moore KL, "Clinically oriented anatomy" Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1956-1957, 2018

35 Guillotte A, "Clinical outcomes of resecting scarpa’s ganglion during vestibular schwannoma surgery" 76 : 114-117, 2020

36 Khonsary SA, "Clinical functional anatomy of the pterygopalatine ganglion, cephalgia and related dysautonomias: a review" 4 (4): S422-S428, 2013

37 Crespi J, "Anatomical landmarks for localizing the otic ganglion : a possible new treatment target for headache disorders" 2019

38 Siéssere S, "Anatomic variation of cranial parasympathetic ganglia" 22 : 101-105, 2008

39 You Y, "Advanced-sectioned images obtained by microsectioning of the entire male body" 35 : 79-86, 2022