Practical pharmacology for Alzheimer's disease

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Basic Theory of Pharmacology for Alzheimer’s Disease / Takashi Kudo = 1
• 1.1 From the First Report of Alzheimer’s Disease to Its Establishment as a Concept = 1
• 1.2 Elucidating the Formation of Neurofi brillary Changes = 4
• 1.3 The Acetylcholine Hypothesis = 5
• 1.4 The Amyloid Hypothesis = 6
• 1.5 Development of Disease-Modifying Drugs (DMDs) Based on the Amyloid Hypothesis = 9
• 1.5.1 Amyloid Vaccination = 9
• 1.5.2 γ-／β-Secretase Inhibitors = 9
• 1.6 Paradigm Shift of the Dementia Pathology Hypothesis = 13
• 1.6.1 The Pathology of Abnormal Protein Accumulation Commonly Seen in Dementia = 13
• 1.6.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Dementia = 16
• References = 22
• 2 The Practical Pharmacology of Donepezil / Takashi Kudo = 27
• 2.1 Introduction = 27
• 2.1.1 ACh and Donepezil = 28
• 2.2 Effects Against AD = 29
• 2.2.1 Effects on Cardinal Symptoms in Mild to Moderate AD = 29
• 2.2.2 Effects on Cardinal Symptoms in Advanced AD = 29
• 2.2.3 Effects on the Biological and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) and on Caretaker Burden = 29
• 2.2.4 Effects on Slowing Disease Progression = 30
• 2.3 Effects Against Vascular Dementia = 30
• 2.4 Effects Against Dementia with Lewy Bodies = 31
• 2.4.1 Intracerebral ACh Nerves = 31
• 2.4.2 Donepezil Effects Against DLB = 31
• 2.5 Clinical Use = 32
• References = 32
• 3 Galantamine for Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease with Cerebrovascular Disease / Kenneth L. Davis = 35
• 3.1 Introduction = 35
• 3.2 Nicotinic Enhancement = 35
• 3.2.1 Peripheral Cholinergic Effects = 36
• 3.2.2 Cognitive Profi le = 36
• 3.2.3 Neuroprotection = 37
• 3.2.4 Aβ Clearance = 39
• 3.3 Human Clinical Data = 40
• 3.3.1 Biomarkers = 40
• 3.3.2 Mortality = 43
• 3.3.3 Cognitive and Functional Outcomes = 45
• 3.3.4 Galantamine and Memantine = 47
• 3.3.5 Sleep Disturbance = 48
• 3.3.6 Cholinesterase Inhibitor Withdrawal = 50
• 3.3.7 Tau = 53
• 3.3.8 Long-Term Outcomes in MCI = 54
• 3.3.9 Switch Studies = 55
• References = 57
• 4 Practical Pharmacology of Rivastigmine / Rafael Blesa Gonzalez ; Ignacio Flores ; Roser Ribosa-Nogué = 63
• 4.1 Alzheimer’s Defi nition and Treatment Lines = 63
• 4.2 Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Acetylcholine = 64
• 4.2.1 Introduction = 64
• 4.2.2 Acetylcholine Synthesis and Mechanism of Action = 64
• 4.2.3 Acetylcholine Receptors and Actions = 64
• 4.2.4 Central Nervous System Cholinergic Pathways = 65
• 4.2.5 Functions of Acetylcholine in the Central Nervous System = 65
• 4.2.6 Cholinergic Susceptibility in Aging Brain = 67
• 4.3 Cholinergic Hypothesis in Alzheimer’s Disease = 67
• 4.3.1 Loss of Cholinergic Activity = 67
• 4.3.2 Role of Acetylcholine in Learning and Memory = 68
• 4.3.3 Questioning the Cholinergic Hypothesis = 69
• 4.3.4 Corroborating the Cholinergic Hypothesis = 70
• 4.3.5 Reformulating the Cholinergic Hypothesis = 71
• 4.4 The Interplay of Cholinergic Function and Alzheimer’s Pathology= 71
• 4.4.1 Cholinergic Agonists and Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing = 71
• 4.4.2 Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Relationship with Beta-Amyloid = 72
• 4.4.3 Cholinergic Agonists and Tau Protein = 72
• 4.4.4 Beta-Amyloid and Cholinergic Function = 73
• 4.5 Enhancing Cholinergic Transmission as a Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease = 73
• 4.6 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors = 74
• 4.7 Pharmacodynamic Properties of Rivastigmine = 75
• 4.8 Pharmacokinetic Properties of Rivastigmine = 77
• 4.8.1 Absorption and Distribution = 77
• 4.8.2 Metabolism and Elimination = 78
• 4.8.3 Special Populations = 79
• 4.9 Clinical Evidence Supporting the Use of Rivastigmine = 79
• 4.9.1 Cognitive Function = 80
• 4.9.2 Behavioral Symptoms = 82
• 4.9.3 Activities of Daily Living = 83
• 4.9.4 Quality of Life of Patients and Carers = 83
• 4.9.5 Physician-Rated Overall Impression Tests = 84
• 4.9.6 Incidence of Adverse Events = 84
• 4.10 Safety and Tolerability = 89
• 4.10.1 Risk of Overdose and Death = 90
• 4.11 Rivastigmine Effi cacy Compared with Other Cholinesterase Inhibitors = 90
• 4.12 Rivastigmine in Clinical Practice = 91
• 4.13 Present and Future of Rivastigmine = 92
• References = 93
• 5 Practical Pharmacology of Memantine / David G. Wilkinson = 105
• 5.1 Introduction = 105
• 5.1.1 Glutamate and Memantine = 105
• 5.1.2 Effects of Memantine on Neurodegeneration = 106
• 5.2 Memantine in Vascular Dementia = 107
• 5.3 Memantine in AD = 108
• 5.3.1 Clinical Trials = 108
• 5.3.2 Moderately Severe AD = 108
• 5.3.3 Mild to Moderate AD = 110
• 5.3.4 Responder Analyses = 111
• 5.3.5 Safety and Tolerability = 113
• 5.4 Effects of Memantine in Combination with ChEIs = 113
• 5.5 Clinical Use = 114
• References = 116
• 6 How Do We Use Symptomatic Drugs to Treat Dementia? / Takashi Kudo = 119
• 6.1 Introduction = 119
• 6.2 Characteristics of Symptomatic Drugs = 119
• 6.2.1 Donepezil = 119
• 6.2.2 Galantamine = 121
• 6.2.3 Rivastigmine = 122
• 6.2.4 Memantine = 123
• 6.3 WFSBP Guidelines for the Treatment of Dementia = 125
• 6.3.1 The Preventive Effects of Symptomatic Drugs = 125
• 6.3.2 Indications for Symptomatic Drugs = 125
• 6.3.3 Selection of Drugs and Their Dosage = 126
• 6.3.4 Start and End of Drug Administration and Monitoring = 126
• 6.3.5 Concomitant Therapy = 126
• 6.4 Use of Different Symptomatic Drugs to Suit Different Situations Based on the Guidelines Released by Japan’s Six Relevant Academic Societies = 126
• 6.4.1 Guidelines Issued by Japan’ Six Relevant Academic Societies = 126
• 6.4.2 Policies on Using Symptomatic Drugs = 127
• 6.4.3 Selection of Drugs = 128
• 6.5 The Overviews of Symptomatic Drugs in AD Drug Guidelines = 131
• 6.5.1 Use of Anti-dementia Drugs to Treat Diseases Other Than AD = 131
• 6.5.2 Future Tasks and Challenges = 131
• References = 134
• Index = 137