開泰寺 石造三尊佛立像 硏究 = The Stone Buddha Triad Image at Gaetaesa the Advent of the New Unified Dynasty of Goryeo and Buddhist Sculpture

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper investigates the stone Buddha triad image enshrined in the main hall of Gaetaesa (開泰寺). Gaetaesa was completed by the order of Wang Geon (王建) in 940, four years after he finally defeated the Later Paekje here and unified the later Three Kingdoms. To commemorate his victory, Wang Geon built this temple for the Hwaeom sect (華嚴宗) on his last battlefield at Yeonsan (連山), in South Chungcheong province.
The stone Buddha triad of Gaetaesa is monumental. Their bulky bodies are flat and massive, like stone pillars. There is a certain lack of realism in these images, which was probably not only due to the fact that four years were too short to finish this huge temple, but also to the fact local artisans participated in this project. The stylistic mode of these Gaetaesa images are also exhibited in many stone Buddha images in northern regions of North Gyeongsang province, such as the standing Buddha image at the temple-site of Dongbon-dong (東本洞) in Yecheon and that of Cheonseongsa (千聖寺) in Bonghwa. They also betray close similarity to the stone standing Buddha at the temple-site in Wonpyeong-dong (院坪洞), Cheongju, of the North Chungcheong province.
In the early tenth century the north part of North Gyeongsang province was the border area of Silla and many powerful clans governing there surrendered themselves to Goryeo. Textual evidences show that one of the powerful clans, led by General Seonpil (善弼) of the Yeongju area, helped Wang Geon not only make contact with me royal court of Silla but to rule over me North Gyeongsang province area, Since the North Gyeongsang province area was easily connected to the North Chungcheong province area by way of mountain passes like Jungnyeong (竹嶺) and Gyerimryeong (鷄立嶺), artisans working for the powerful clans and aristocrats in the Silla border area moved north to me Goryeo area for the opportunity of working on new projects. The nearest political and cultural center with easy access to north part of North Gyeongsang province was most likely the Cheongju area, which was known for its powerful clan, the Yu family (劉氏), whose daughter became one of Wang Geon' s queens and mother of Kings Jeongjong (定宗) and Gwangjong (光宗).
From 936 A., me year of the unification of me late Three Kingdoms, a number of projects constructing new temples were begun in Gaeseong For this reason Gaeseong must have had a great demand for artisans at that time, Therefore, it can be assumed that artisans from the north pan of North Gyeongsang province were put to me new national project of constructing Gaetaesa,
The iconography of a standing Buddha wearing Kasaya with his right shoulder exposed was a rare example in the early tenth century. The Buddha staring forward smiling and me two attendant Bodhisattvas wearing wide shawls on their upper bodies and rou.nd aprons over their skirts with long tassels falling from me waist can be closely compared to 9th to 10th century Indian sculptures of me Pala period. Records show that a few Indian Buddhist monks can1e to south ports of China in the tenth century, and several of them visited Goryeo during Wang Geon s reign, Many Korean monks who had studied in China came back to Goryeo at that time, It would therefore seem that such relationships provided a channel for artistic influence and that new stylistic trends and iconography in Pala sculpture were imported to Goryeo.
As Gaetaesa was made as a temple of the Hwaeom sect, the main Buddha image should be Vairocana Buddha, the main Buddha of the Hwaeom (Avatarnsaka) surra. The central Buddha image of Gaetaesa however does not show the typical hand-gesture (mudra) of Vairocana which was popular in Vairocana Buddha images of me ninth century which were represented with me "chikwon-in" mudra (智拳印) of Mahavairocana of the Esoteric Buddhism, It is interesting to note that the painting of 'assemblies of Vairocana Buddha held at seven places on earth and in heaven and nine times (七處九回)" based on Avatarnsaka sur

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• 高麗의 後三國統一과 開泰寺 創建
• 개태사 석조삼존불입상의 분석
• 맺음말
• ABSTRACT