대인관계 유능성에 대한 긍정정서의 영향: 경험 회피와 자기자비, 인지적 공감의 경로 탐색 = The Effect of Positive Emotion on Interpersonal Competence: The Exploration of path model among Experiential Avoidance, Self-Compassion, and Cognitive Empathy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined the possibility that positive emotions could contribute to social functioning effectively. Based on prior studies, the path models were tested that positive emotions foster cognitive empathy via experiential avoidance and self-compassion and these lead to increase the interpersonal competence. 410 undergraduate and graduate students completed measures of positive emotion, experiential avoidance, self-compassion, cognitive empathy, and interpersonal competence. Through the structural equation modeling, the model fit and significance of path models versus competing model were examined. The results were as follows: first, there are positive correlations among positive emotion, interpersonal competence, self-compassion, and cognitive empathy. but positive emotion and interpersonal competence are negatively correlated with experiential avoidance. Second, the direct path for interpersonal competence from positive emotion, self-compassion, experiential avoidance and cognitive empathy was significant. Third, in the relation between positive emotion and interpersonal competence, the indirect paths via experiential avoidance, self-compassion, and cognitive empathy were significant. These results suggest that positive emotion may contribute to enhancement of social resources and personal resources. Finally, further implications for counseling and research are discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 긍정정서가 사회적 기능에 효과적으로 기여할 수 있는지 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 선행 연구들에 기반하여, 긍정정서가 경험 회피와 자기자비를 통해 인지적인 공감을 촉진하고, 이것이 대인관계 유능성의 증가로 이어지는지 경로 모델 검증을 실시하였다. 학부생과 대학원생 410명을 대상으로, 긍정정서, 경험 회피, 자기자비, 인지적 공감, 대인관계 유능성을 측정하였고, 구조방정식 모델링을 사용하여 연구모형과 경쟁모형의 적합도와 유의성을 분석하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 긍정정서와 대인관계 유능성, 자기자비 그리고 인지적 공감은 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다. 반면, 긍정정서 및 대인관계 유능성은 경험 회피와 부적 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 대인관계 유능성에 대한 긍정정서와 경험 회피, 자기자비, 인지적 공감의 직접 경로가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 긍정정서와 대인관계 유능성의 관계에서, 경험 회피와 자기자비, 인지적 공감의 간접 경로들이 유의함을 확인하였다. 이는 긍정정서가 개인적 자원 뿐 아니라 사회적 자원을 강화하는데 기여할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다. 끝으로 본 연구의 상담 및 연구에 대한 함의점을 제시하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김경의, "한국판 자기-자비 척도의 타당화 연구 : 대학생을 중심으로" 한국건강심리학회 13 (13): 1023-1044, 2008

2 홍세희, "특별기고 : 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거" 19 (19): 161-177, 2000

3 정봉교, "정동유형과 정적 정서의 복원효과" 한국인지및생물심리학회 15 (15): 499-519, 2003

4 왕인순, "자애명상이 자기자비, 마음챙김, 자아존중감, 정서 및 스트레스에 미치는 효과" 한국건강심리학회 16 (16): 675-690, 2011

5 원영주, "자기초점적 주의가 사회적 상호작용 불안에 미치는 영향: 탈중심화의 매개효과" 학생생활상담연구소 34 (34): 173-191, 2013

6 김경희, "의미추구와 긍정정서가 의미발견에 미치는 영향" 한국심리학회 32 (32): 107-124, 2013

7 이주혜, "성인애착과 대인관계능력 관계에서 공감의 매개효과" 한국상담학회 15 (15): 579-594, 2014

8 서영석, "상담심리 연구에서 매개효과와 조절효과 검증: 개념적 구분 및 자료 분석 시 고려 사항" 한국상담심리학회 22 (22): 1147-1168, 2010

9 김정호, "마음챙김이란 무엇인가 : 마음챙김의 임상적 및 일상적 적용을 위한 제언" 한국건강심리학회 9 (9): 511-538, 2004

10 김교헌, "마음챙김과 자기조절 그리고 지혜" 한국건강심리학회 13 (13): 285-306, 2008

11 김창대, "대인관계 능력개발 집단상담 프로그램의 효과" 35 (35): 83-95, 2001

12 배미정, "내현적 자기애 성향, 자존감, 인지적 및 정서적 공감 그리고 대인관계 유능성 간의 관련성 연구" 한국상담학회 15 (15): 2417-2435, 2014

13 김경희, "긍정정서와 자기결정성 요인이 삶의 의미에 미치는 영향" 한국상담학회 12 (12): 1353-1370, 2011

14 권석만, "긍정심리학 행복의 과학적 탐구" 학지사 2008

15 우종필, "구조방정식모델 개념과 이해" 한나래출판사 2012

16 박성희, "공감학 : 어제와 오늘" 학지사 1997

17 이정은, "걱정에 대한 부정적 신념과 일반화된 불안증상 간의 관계에서 경험적 회피의 매개효과" 한국임상심리학회 26 (26): 939-961, 2007

18 Gable, S. L., "What do you do when things go right? The intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of sharing positive events" 87 (87): 228-245, 2004

19 Raghunathan, R., "Walking the tightrope between feeling good and being accurate : Mood as a resource in processing persuasive messages" 83 (83): 510-525, 2002

20 Garland, E. L., "Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity : Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology" 30 (30): 849-864, 2010

21 Clore, G. L., "Theories of mood and emotion: A user's guidebook" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers 27-62, 2001

22 Fredrickson, B. L., "The value of positive emotions" 91 (91): 330-335, 2003

23 Fredrickson, B. L., "The undoing effect of positive emotions" 24 (24): 237-258, 2000

24 Ryff, C. D., "The structure of psychological well-being revisited" 69 (69): 719-727, 1995

25 Fredrickson, B. L., "The role of positive emotions in positive psychology : The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion" 56 (56): 218-226, 2001

26 Shiota, M. N., "The regulation of emotion" Lawrence Erlbaum 127-155, 2004

27 Diener, E., "The personality structure of affect" 69 (69): 130-141, 1995

28 Leary, M. R., "The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory" Academic Press 32 : 1-62, 2000

29 Oettingen, G., "The motivating function of thinking about the future : Expectations versus fantasies" 83 (83): 1198-1212, 2002

30 Thompson, R., "The levels of self-criticism scale : Comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism" 36 (36): 419-430, 2004

31 Kahn, B., "The influence of positive affect on variety seeking among safe, enjoyable products" 20 (20): 257-270, 1993

32 Decety, J., "The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations : implications for intervention across different clinical conditions" 1 : 1-22, 2007

33 Brown, K. W., "The benefits of being present : Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being" 84 (84): 822-848, 2003

34 Neff, K. D., "The Role of Self-compassion in Romantic Relationships" 12 (12): 78-98, 2013

35 West, S. G., "Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications" Sage 56-75, 1995

36 Flora, J., "Social skills are associated with satisfaction in close relationships" 84 (84): 803-804, 1999

37 Neff, K. D., "Self-compassion versus global self-esteem : Two different ways of relating to oneself" 77 (77): 23-50, 2009

38 Barnard, K. L., "Self-compassion : Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions" 31 (31): 289-303, 2011

39 Neff, K. D., "Self-compassion : An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself" 2 (2): 85-102, 2003

40 Feldman, G. C., "Responses to positive affect : A self-report measure of rumination and dampening" 32 (32): 507-525, 2008

41 Blair, R. J. R., "Responding to the emotions of others : Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations" 14 (14): 698-718, 2006

42 Hansson, R. O., "Relational competence and social support" 5 : 265-284, 1984

43 Zhou, Q., "Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures" American Psychological Association 269-284, 2003

44 Wadlinger, H. A., "Positive mood broaden visual attention to positive stimuli" 30 (30): 87-99, 2006

45 Fredrickson, B. L., "Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being" 13 (13): 172-175, 2002

46 Fredrickson, B. L., "Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires" 19 (19): 313-332, 2005

47 Custers, R., "Positive affect as implicit motivator : On the nonconscious operation of behavioral goals" 89 (89): 129-142, 2005

48 Zautra, A. J., "Positive affect as a source of resilience for women in chronic pain" 73 (73): 212-220, 2005

49 King, L. A., "Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life" 90 (90): 179-196, 2006

50 Vescio, T. K., "Perspective taking and prejudice reduction : The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attribution" 33 (33): 455-472, 2003

51 Shih, M. J., "Perspective taking : Reducing prejudice towards general outgroups and specific individuals" 12 (12): 565-577, 2009

52 Marx, B. P., "Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology" 43 (43): 569-583, 2005

53 Batson, C. D., "Oxford handbook of positive psychology" Oxford University Press 485-498, 2002

54 Schmitz, T. W., "Opposing influences of affective state valence on visual cortical encoding" 29 (29): 7199-7207, 2009

55 Fredrickson, B. L., "Open hearts build lives : Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources" 95 (95): 1045-1062, 2008

56 Waugh, C. E., "Nice to know you : Positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of new relationship" 1 (1): 93-106, 2006

57 Blair, R. J. R., "Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. Journal of Neurology" 71 (71): 727-731, 2001

58 Rosenzweig, S., "Mindfulness-based stress reduction lowers psychological distress in medical students" 15 (15): 88-92, 2003

59 Kabat-Zinn J., "Mindfulness-based interventions in context : Past, present, and future" 10 (10): 144-156, 2003

60 Segal, Z. V., "Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression" The Guilford Press 2001

61 Wilson, K. G., "Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition" The Guilford Press 120-151, 2004

62 Brown, K. W., "Mindfulness : Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects" 18 (18): 211-237, 2007

63 Bishop, S. R., "Mindfulness : A proposed operational definition" 11 (11): 230-241, 2004

64 Wachs, K., "Mindful relating : Exploring mindfulness and emotion repertoires in intimate relationships" 33 (33): 464-481, 2007

65 Chambers, R., "Mindful emotion regulation : An integrative review" 29 (29): 560-572, 2009

66 Shrout, P. E., "Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies : New procedures and recommendation" 7 (7): 422-445, 2002

67 Davis, M. H., "Measuring individual differences in empathy : Evidence for a multidimensional approach" 44 (44): 113-126, 1983

68 Hayes, S. C., "Measuring Experiential Avoidance : A Preliminary Test of a Working Model" 54 (54): 553-578, 2004

69 Davis, M. H., "Maintenance of satisfaction in romantic relationships : Empathy and relational competence" 53 (53): 397-410, 1987

70 Segrin, C., "Interpersonal processes in psychological problems" Lawrence Erlbaum 2001

71 Brook, M., "Impaired cognitive empathy in criminal psychopathy : Evidence from a laboratory measure of empathic accuracy" 122 (122): 156-166, 2013

72 Langer, E., "Handbook of positive psychology" Oxford University Press 214-230, 2002

73 Kabat-Zinn, J., "Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness" Dell 1990

74 Buhrmester, D., "Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationship" 55 (55): 991-1008, 1988

75 Roemer, L., "Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD : Preliminary tests of conceptual model" 29 (29): 71-88, 2005

76 Kashdan, T. B., "Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability : Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies" 44 (44): 1301-1320, 2006

77 Hayes, S. C., "Experiential Avoidance and Behavioral Disorders : A Functional Dimensional Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment" 64 (64): 1152-1168, 1996

78 Zautra, A. J., "Examination of chronic pain and affect relationship : Application of a dynamic model of affect" 69 (69): 786-795, 2001

79 Henry, J. D., "Empathy, social functioning and schizotypy" 160 (160): 15-22, 2008

80 Light, S. N., "Empathy is associated with dynamic change in prefrontal brain electrical activity during positive emotion in children" 80 (80): 1210-1231, 2009

81 Bolte, A., "Emotion and intuition : Effects of positive and negative mood on implicit judgments of semantic coherence" 14 (14): 416-421, 2003

82 Crocker, J., "Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships : The role of compassionate and self-image goals" 95 (95): 555-575, 2008

83 Silvia, P. J., "Can positive affect induce self-focused attention? Methological and measurement issue" 16 (16): 845-853, 2002

84 Wei, M., "Attachment, self-Compassion, empathy, and subjective well-being among college students and community adults" 79 (79): 191-221, 2011

85 Neff, K. D., "An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits" 41 : 908-916, 2007

86 Davidson, R. J., "Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation" 65 (65): 564-570, 2003

87 Orsillo, S. M., "Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and Treatment" Plenum 2005

88 Hayes, S. C., "Acceptance and change: Content and context in psychotherapy" Context Press 13-32, 1994

89 Hayes, S. C., "Acceptance and Commitment therapy: An experimental approach to behavior change" The Guilford Press 1999

90 Davis, M. H., "A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy" 10 : 85-, 1980

91 Neff, K. D., "A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program" 69 (69): 28-44, 2013

92 Mitmansgruber, H., ""Mindful helpers" : Experiential avoidance, meta-emotion, and well-being in paramedics" 42 (42): 1358-1363, 2008