(A) Comparative Research on Air Transportation Development in the Philippines and Malaysia

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this thesis is to conduct a comparative analysis of the air transportation industries in the Philippines and Malaysia. Through this approach, recommendation on development strategies can be put forward to the Philippines. The research is based on the two facets of Air Transportation: (1) Infrastructure to be determined through evaluation of the core-factors of airport competitiveness, and (2) Air Service Liberalization, by application of the quantitative air services agreement review designed by the WTO. The result show that Malaysian privatization of the managing bodies of its Airports and a less bureaucratic division of air industry actors has led to more efficient and competitive airports, unlike the state owned and operated Airports of the Philippines. The study also found a positive and significant correlation between Philippines bilateral air service agreements, and contracting states openness to foreign ownership and legal origins. Malaysia on the other hand mostly focuses on partners with equally liberalized skies, particularly within its close regional proximity.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문의 목적은 필리핀과 말레이시아의 항공산업의 비교분석이다. 비교 결과 필리핀의 개발 전략에 대한 몇가지 정책 권장사항이 도출되었다. 이 연구는 항공 산업의 두가지 측면을 염두에 두고 진행되었다. 첫번째로는 공항의 경쟁력을 중점으로 한 인프라스트럭쳐의 구성과 두번째로는 WTO가 디자인한 양적 항공 서비스 약정을 적용한 항공 서비스 자유화이다. 연구결과 공항 경영의 민영화를 실시한 말레이시아의 항공산업은 덜 관료적인 산업의 형태를 띠게 되었으며 국영 산업인 필리핀의 공항들보다 공항의 효율성과 경쟁력을 높인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 필리핀의 양자 항공 서비스 협약과 협정이 맺어진 국가들의 해외 투자에 대해 열려있는 정도와 법 체계 사이에 의미있는 연관성을 도출하였다. 한편 말레이시아의 경우 지리적으로 가깝고 자유화 된 영공을 가지고 있는 국가들과 파트너쉽을 가지는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. INTRODUCTION 1
• 2. BACKGROUND 5
• 2.1. Philippines 6
• 2.2. Malaysia 12
• 2.3. List of Aviation Actors 16
• 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 19
• 3.1. On Airport Competitiveness 20
• 3.2. On Air Service Liberalization 24
• 4. PART I: INFRASTRUCTURE - AIRPORT COMPETITIVENESS 28
• 4.1. Sample Airports 29
• 4.2. The five Core-factors of Airport Competitiveness 33
• 4.3. Research findings on the five-core factors of airport competitiveness 38
• 4.3.1. Service Factors 38
• 4.3.2. Demand Factor 43
• 4.3.3. Managerial Factor 47
• 4.3.4. Facilities Factor 51
• 4.3.5. Spatial factors 53
• 4.3.6. Overall Assessment 55
• 4.4. Summary of Findings on Air Infrastructure Competitiveness 58
• 4.5. Political Economy of Airport Competitiveness 64
• 4.5.1. Political Economy of the Managerial Factor 65
• 5. PART II: DEREGULATION AND LIBERALIZATION 69
• 5.1. Prelude on Demand Factors 72
• 5.2. Air Service Liberalization 73
• 5.3. Multilateral Agreements 74
• 5.3.1. ASEAN Open Skies Agreement 75
• 5.3.2. Post – ASEAN Open Skies 79
• 5.4. Bilateral Agreements 85
• 5.4.1. Introduction to QUASAR 87
• 5.4.2. Weighing System: Airport Liberalization Index 89
• 5.4.3. QUASAR Application: Philippines and Malaysia 95
• 5.4.4. QUASAR Application: including Partners 97
• 5.4.5. Bilateral Agreement Liberalization Analysis 102
• 5.5. Summary of Findings on Air Service Liberalization 116
• 5.6. Political Economy of Air Service Liberalization 120
• 5.6.1. History of the Civil Aeronautics Board of the Philippines 120
• 5.6.2. Cases: Civil Aeronautics Board vs. Liberalization 121
• 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 126
• APPENDIXES 133
• Appendix A: Definitions of the Freedoms of the Air 133
• Appendix B: ASEAN Transport Instruments and Status of Ratification 134
• Appendix C: Air Liberalization Index on ASA with Partner Country 140
• Appendix D: Partner Country ALI Score Variations 141
• REFERENCES 142
• ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 153