Conflicts over finite and shared natural resources continue to dominate headlines worldwide. In particular, border regions have challenges in managing natural resources. These regions include abundant natural resources such as forests, energy, air, an...
Conflicts over finite and shared natural resources continue to dominate headlines worldwide. In particular, border regions have challenges in managing natural resources. These regions include abundant natural resources such as forests, energy, air, and rivers, the management of which is typically distanced from a central authority. However, power differences or relationships render natural resource conflicts sensitive between bordering countries.
This study aims to identify the characteristics of conflicts regarding natural resources in border areas. Following a systematic review methodology, cases on conflicts regarding natural resources in border regions were collected from SCOPUS academic database between 2001 and 2021. In total, 303 selected pieces of literature were analyzed according to certain categories, focusing on the published year, location level, and types of natural resources. Moreover, to categorize natural resources, this study employed the spheres of the Earth system, namely the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere.
The research results display the academic pathways and distribution of the selected studies. Overall, the number of academic studies steadily increased during the study period. Among the natural resources covered in the literature, the hydrosphere, especially rivers and oceans, were the dominant subject, followed by the biosphere, especially forests and animals. Furthermore, the case studies in the selected research were examined to derive key findings to clarify the conflicts, cooperation, and geographical characteristics in the borderlands. International organizations such as the UN and IUCN have actively regulated the hydrosphere and biosphere by categorizing transborder zones, monitoring current conditions, and creating guidelines. However, atmosphere and lithosphere conducted relatively low at the global level. International collaboration would be required for environmental protection and the resilience approach to biodiversity. Furthermore, in Africa, the participation of external stakeholders to invest in developing infrastructure in the river and designating protected areas is one of the key elements surrounding natural resource conflict. It may have a favorable influence on benefit-sharing; nonetheless, disputes have arisen with local communities. In the Americas, the governance system was stressed as a critical component, yet there were arguments about fishing rights, biodiversity loss, and political insecurity in both North and South America. All of the Earth's spheres have been explored extensively in Asia. The cases indicated small and large-scale committees for managing natural resources; hence, collaboration among communities would be the vital step in resolving problems. In Europe, the EU and other organizations have protected marine and forest regions as 'protected areas'. Agreements and laws have been aggressively implemented, but democratic participation with people who are directly affected by the issues is emphasized for future challenges.
Therefore, this research contributes to better understanding conflicts based on natural resources and provides recommendations for natural resource management strategies or models in border regions.