In Korea, most of the population resides in cities owing to the increase in urbanization. Urban older adult population formed 76.6% of the total urban population in 2014, and it has been steadily increasing. People living in the urban environment are ...
In Korea, most of the population resides in cities owing to the increase in urbanization. Urban older adult population formed 76.6% of the total urban population in 2014, and it has been steadily increasing. People living in the urban environment are more vulnerable to mental health problems such as stress and depression, caused by lack of contact with green spaces, and social isolation, caused by fewer opportunities for communication. Older adults are vulnerable to mental health problems such as stress and depression due to a decrease in their social and economic status as well as an increase in their physical illnesses. Mental health is related to physical and social health, and consequently affects the burden of health care and the overall survival rate. Therefore, it is important to study the mental health problems of older adults in urban areas as social problems, and not merely as personal problems, to strengthen preventive measures and to identify the factors that affect mental health. In addition, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect mental health in older adults in relation to social, demographic, physiological, and psychological aspects of their lives.
Further, urban parks and green areas are known to help improve mental health by promoting social contact and interaction among people and by reducing psychological stress. In recent years, national and local governments in Korea have recognized the importance of the health benefits of forest therapy (forest bathing), and the implementation of forest therapy programs using urban as well as other forests is increasing. However, most of them target the general public, and the urban forest therapy program targeting specific vulnerable groups such as low-income groups or older adults living alone is at the pilot stage. In addition, there is relatively insufficient study focusing on how urban forests affect mental health positively. The psychological healing effect of urban forests varies according to people’s age and life cycle stage and is reported to be the strongest in older adults as well as middle-aged people. Therefore, it is necessary to implement forest therapy programs utilizing urban forests separately to target older adults or middle-aged people. This is empirical case studies of an urban forest therapy program for mental health of older adults and middle-aged people.
We found socio-demographic factors affecting mental health of older adults in Chapter 1. The predictive indicators of subjective stress level were female gender, younger age, belonging to a third-generation household, low income, comorbidity, being a smoker, and participation in manual labor. The predictive indicators of depressive experience were female gender, living alone, low income, comorbidity, not working, being a smoker, being a non-drinker, and non-participation in periodic social activities. Additionally, the lower the urban green ratio in the administrative district, the higher the subjective stress levels and depression. In older adults, the presence or absence of periodic physical activity was not correlated with mental health, but the presence of social activity was significantly correlated with mental health.
Based on the results of this study, we analyzed the effects of social capital on depression in Chapter 2. It was found that trust factor in social capital reduced depression through social capital satisfaction and self-esteem. In other words, we found that qualitative social capital is more effective in dealing with depression than quantitative social capital. It is necessary to identify and manage vulnerable groups through demographic and social characteristics and suggest such policies for improving trust factor in social capital that are effective in improving and promoting the mental health of older adults.
In Chapter 3, we implemented a forest therapy program targeting older adults living alone on low income and receiving medical aid, using the urban forest near their living area as healing resources. As a result, the relationship between self, others (neighbors), and nature is formed through the process of awareness and flow in nature, and the sense of isolation is reduced, and self-coping, healthy lifestyle habits, were instilled. This implies that the utilization of urban forests contributed to the formation of social relations, and the formation of social capital results in not only mental health but also physical health improvement.
In Chapter 4, we conducted the urban forest therapy program for middle-aged women preparing for the old age. We found that negative emotions are replaced by positive emotions through the recognition of inherent negative emotions in nature, recovering self-esteem through internal immersion process, and acquiring coping ability based on nature's providence.
It is necessary to be careful while generalizing these results to other groups because each result is for a specific group. However, the results of this study will be helpful in establishing the policy direction of green welfare for the future through the understanding of mental health issues of older adults and middle-aged people in an aging society and in-depth analysis of the effects of therapy programs using urban forests.