등저추력과 가변저추력을 이용한 지구-달 천이궤적 설계

국문 초록 (Abstract)

우리나라의 달탐사를 위하여, 저추력을 이용한 최적의 지구-달 천이궤적 설계를 진행하였다. 탐사선의 추력 형태는 등저추력과 가변저추력 모두를 적용하였으며 각각에 대한 탐사선의 지구 출발부터 달 포획에 이르는 전반적인 모든 단계에 대한 비행 궤적이 설계되었다. 보다 실질적인 우주 환경의 모사를 위하여 행성의 정밀 위치는 JPL의 정밀 천체력인 DE405 천체력을 이용하였으며 지구, 달, 태양의 중력에 의한 섭동과 지구 J₂항에 의 한 영향을 포함한 N-체의 동력학 방정식이 사용되었다. 탐사선이 지구 근처에 있을 때, 추력의 방향각은 항상 거리의 접선방향이고, 가변저추력을 이용한 경우가 등저추력을 이용한 경우보다 연료를 약 5% 정도 더 절감할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 구현 및 제시된 저추력을 이용한 최적의 달 탐사 임무 설계 알고리즘과 그 결과는 미래 한국의 달 탐사를 대비하는데 있어서 많은 사전 지식을 제공할 것이며 장차 심화된 임무 설계를 위한 알고리즘의 기반으로 사용될 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

For preparing Korean lunar missions, optimal Earth-Moon transfer trajectory is designed using continuous low thrust. Using both constant and variable low thrusting method, End-to-End mission analysis is made from beginning of the Earth departure to the final lunar arrival. Spacecraft's equations of motion is expressed using N-body dynamics including the gravitational effects due to the Earth, Moon, Sun and also with Earth's J₂effects. Planets' exact locations are computed accurately with JPL's DE405 ephemeris. As a results, optimal thrust steering angle's characteristics are discovered which showed almost tangential direction burns at the near of central planets. Also, it is confirmed that variable low thrusting method is more efficient than constant thrusting method, and can save about 5% of fuel consumption. Presented algorithm and various results will give numerous insights into the future Korea's Lunar missions using low thrust engines. Also, it is expected to be used as a basis of more detailed mission analyzing tool.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ABSTRACT
• 초록
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 동역학 방정식의 구성
• Ⅲ. 최적해 도출을 위한 조건
• Ⅳ. 지구-달 천이궤적의 설계 및 해석
• Ⅴ. 결론
• 후기
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 송영주, "한국형 달탐사 임무 예비 설계 소프트웨어의 개발" 한국항공우주학회 36 (36): 357-367, 2008

2 이동헌, "저추력기를 이용한 연료 최적의 지구탈출 궤적 설계 연구" 한국항공우주학회 35 (35): 647-654, 2007

3 송영주, "등저추력을 이용한 최적의 달탐사 비행궤적 설계" 한국항공우주학회 2008

4 Goebel, D. M., "Variable Specific Impulse High Power Ion Thruster" 2005

5 Fisch, N. J., "Variable Operation of Hall Thruster with Multiple Segmented Electrodes" 89 : 2040-2046, 2001

6 Pierson, B. L., "Three-Stage Approach to Optimal Low-Thrust Earth-Moon Trajectories" 17 : 1275-1282, 1994

7 Chang-Diaz, F. R., "The VASIMR Engine: Project Status and Recent Accomplishments" 2004

8 Shannon, J., "The Clementine Satellite" Energy and Technology Review 1994

9 The Boeing Company, "SOCS Release 6.4, M&CT-TECH-01-014"

10 Foing, B. H., "SMART-1 Mission to the Moon: Status, First Results and Goals" 37 : 6-13, 2006

11 Raymana, M. D., "Results from the Deep Space 1 Technology Validation Mission" 47 : 475-487, 2000

12 Chang-Diaz, F. R., "Rapid Mars Transits with Exhaust-Modulated Plasma Propulsion" 1995

13 Edelbaum, T. N., "Propulsion Requirements for Controllable Satellites" 31 : 1079-1089, 1961

14 Betts, J. T., "Practical Method for Optimal Control Using Nonlinear Programming" SIAM 147-149, 2001

15 Boden, D. G., "Orbit Seletion and Astrodyanmcis. in: Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design" McGraw-Hill 244-255, 1999

16 Casalino, L., "Optimization of Variable-Specific-Impulse Interplanetary Trajectories" 27 : 678-684, 2004

17 Herman, A. L., "Optimal, Low-Thrust, Earth-Moon Orbit Transfer" 21 : 141-147, 1998

18 Park, S.-Y., "Optimal low-thrust intercept/rendezvous trajectories to Earth-crossing objects" 28 : 1049-1055, 2005

19 Kluever, C. A., "Optimal Low-Thrust Three-Dimensional Earth-Moon Trajectories" 18 : 830-837, 1995

20 Betts, J. T., "Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories to the Moon" 2 : 144-170, 2003

21 Kluever, C. A., "Optimal Earth-Moon Trajectories Using Nuclear Electric Propulsion" 20 : 239-245, 1997

22 Song, Y.-J., "Optimal Deflection of Earth-Crossing Objects using a Power Limited Spacecraft" 2007

23 King, D. Q., "Multi-Mode Hall Thruster Developement" 2001

24 Park, S.-Y., "Mission functionality for deflecting Earth-crossing asteroids/comets" 26 : 734-742, 2003

25 Park, S.-Y., "Mission Design for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE) using a Magnetoplasma Spacecraft" 54 : 737-749, 2006

26 Oleson, S. R., "Mission Advantages of Constant Power, Variable Isp Electrostatic Thrusters" 2000

27 Golan, O. M., "Minimum Fuel Lunar Trajectories for a Low-Thrust Power-Limited Spacecraft" 4 : 383-394, 1994

28 Kawaguchi, J., "MUSES-C, Its launch and early orbit operations" 59 : 669-678, 2006

29 Tooley, C., "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Overview & Status" NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

30 Lozier, D., "Lunar Prospector Mission Design and Trajectory Support" 297-311, 1998

31 La Mantia, M., "Indirect optimization of low-thrust capture trajectories" 29 : 1011-1014, 2006

32 Ranieri, C., "Indirect Optimization of Low Earth Orbit to Low Lunar Orbit Transfers" 2008

33 22)Casalino,L.and Colasurdo,G, "Improved Edelbaum’s Approach to Optimize Low Earth/Geostationary Orbits Low-Thrust Transfers" 2007

34 Kluever, C. A., "Geostationary Orbit Transfers Using Solar Electric Propulsion with Specific Impulse Modulation" 41 : 461-466, 2004

35 Seywald, H., "Fuel-Optimal Transfers Between Coplanar Circular Orbits Using Variable-Specific-Impulse Engines" 28 : 795-800, 2005

36 Vadali, S. R., "Fuel-Optimal Planer Earth-Mars Trajectories Using Low-Thrust Exhaust-Modulated Propulsion" 23 : 476-482, 2000

37 Nah, R. Vadali, "Fuel - Optimal, Low-Thrust, Three-Dimensional Earth-Mars Trajectories" 24 : 1100-1107, 2001

38 Perkins, F. M., "Flight Mechanics of Low-Thrust Spacecraft" 26 : 291-297, 1959

39 Bering, E. A., "Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the VASIMR" 42 : 192-205, 2008

40 Enright, P. J., "Discrete Approximations to Optimal Trajectories Using Direct Transcription and Nonlinear Programming" 15 : 994-1002, 1992

41 Park, S.-Y., "Deflection of Earth-crossing asteroids/comets using rendezvous spacecraft and laser ablation" 53 : 21-37, 2005

42 Raymana, M, D., "Dawn:Amission in development for exploration of main belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres" 58 : 605-616, 2006

43 Russell, C. T., "A Solar Electric Propulsion Mission to the Moon and Beyond" 18 : 75-80, 1996

44 Song, Y.-J., "A Lunar Cargo Mission Design Strategy using Variable Low Thrust" 43 : 1391-1406, 2009

45 이동헌, "2차원의 달 진입 최적 궤적 설계" 한국항공우주학회 2008