Royal tomb is a historical site concentrated national capacity from the period of the Three Kingdoms to Joseon Dynasty and a monumental place stacking cultural and artistic value of those days. Binjeon and Gukjang-dogam are the place executed the fune...
Royal tomb is a historical site concentrated national capacity from the period of the Three Kingdoms to Joseon Dynasty and a monumental place stacking cultural and artistic value of those days. Binjeon and Gukjang-dogam are the place executed the funeral and memorial services of the king and Sanreung-dogam can be called as a crystal of sculptures and crafts stylized posthumous notions through royal tombs. In XianQin period, it was developed from burial pit to funeral arts and left every kinds of bronze utensils and jade products and in Han-Tang period, it formed a stereotype of sculpture style from underground tomb to ground mausoleum. So, it is required to investigate historical character and production process of stone sculptures in royal tomb in fusion and convergence as well as the type and style of past remains.
This study is paying attention to the introduction and production method change according to the social recognition and ideal flow as well as systemic procedure based on existing style history of stone sculptures. The influence of China in the history of royal tomb in Korea was changed from imitation to hierarchy and creativity. In Unified Silla period, the royal tomb was expressed as the religious symbol accepting the culture of Tang and in early time of Joseon Dynasty, the system of a royal tomb was settled importing the system of Song and Ming. Also, compatible periodic layer aiming of native sino-centrism or defection from Cheng-zhu school can be classified in the tombstone in late time of Joseon Dynasty.
In this process, the development of technology of sculptures is shown as largely two subjects and first one is the process of production in royal tomb and another one is change in sculpted words of tombstone. Four steps such as historic nature of sculpture and tomb, material and production method of sculpture, fusion of technology and idea and aesthetic consciousness of sculpture was used as the developing method of this thesis to consider on these two subjects. The purpose and study result can be summarized as below four kinds.
Firstly, historic nature of sculpture was considered. The sculptures in Joseon royal tombs succeeded the type of Silla tombs in terms of diachronic view, however, also influenced by China at the same period. Especially, the installation of stone pagoda of Silla and stone lion of Seongdeok tombs is considered as realizing religion ideal on a royal tomb as well as the similarity in shape and function with imperial tombs of Tang Dynasty. It is worthy to notice that the gate keeping lion of Silla is replaced to the stone tiger in Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty but the role and function to keep the gate had been continued.
Secondly, the grinding type of sang-seok and stone monument in sculpture production method was analyzed. Honyu-seok in royal tomb is an only sculpture grinding before appearing of the tombstone and has similarity in production method. The grinding of honyu-seok was classified as three type as seok-sang, sang-seok and honyu-seok in name change and studied the relationship with grinding method. In functional point of view, the grinding of stone is a technical development to protect weathering phenomena and exfoliation and breakout and there was change in the word on honyu-seok in ideological point of view connected with social recognition and ancestral ritual change. The tombstone was converted from im-seok which writing the words at the front directly to the buk-chil technic which attaching the paper at back in the basis of grinding. The origin of this buk-chil is comes in the case of the color of stone material and cannot write on it directly. Buk-chil technic is a application from the painting and crafts and it has advantage that can express same effect with im-seok according to the dark and light of the word when attach it on grinded tombstone after moving the outline on thin paper and waxing and applying red lacquer.
Thirdly, the fusion of technology and idea shows the influence to production and pattern of sculpture by ideological change. There was change on sculpture based on the influence of ancestral ritual formalities grind the hyangro-seok and honyu-seok identifying the ancestral tablet with honyu-seok. Cloud form, three-legged crow and circle had been disappeared due to the use of gacheom-seok (tombstone roof) and the era name of yumyeong-joseonguk and sungjeong-giwonhu were put in as the mark to express the bright appearance and fidelity of the family after both wars. However, the neo-confucianism tendency intellectuals having critical consciousness suing era name used Korean era. Besides, the treatment for the master craftsman and worker producing sculpture at the dogam which is a temporary institution was reorganized centering original technology and increased the effectiveness.
Fourthly, there was a change in sanreung building due to frequent big and small mourning and epidemic. Especially, the simplification of ceremony and sculpture of Sungreung reflects the trend of sanreung building at the late period of Joseon Dynasty. The folding screen of peony was expressed on the folding screen stone at Yeongjo and Jeongjo period and the elaboration of sculpture and standardization of tombstone expressed new aesthetic consciousness on royal tomb. This change could not continued due to reuse of sculpture and lack of finances.
To sum up, the symbolism of royal tomb sculpture was changed based on the social recognition and ideology. Constant discussion according to periodic values have been continued and reflected on the pattern and production method through the comparison of ceremony part in the law books and reality. In this sense, the study on historic character and production technology of sculpture will contribute to investigate essential meaning and ideal world of royal tomb.