다른 종 목재의 연소 시 연기위험성 등급 예측 = Prediction of smoke risk ratings in the combustion of different species of wood

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 Chung’s equations 1, 2와 3을 확장하고 화재 시 연기위험성 등급 평가를 표준화하기 위해 연기성능지수-V와 연기성장지수-V를 계산하였다. 이를 위하여 6 종류의 목재를 선별하여 ISO 5660-1의 규격에 의한 콘칼로리미터(cone calorimeter)법으로 시험하였다. 또한 총괄적으로 Chung’s equation-VI에 따라 연기위험성지수-VI에 의한 연기위험성을 등급화 하였다. 그 결과, 연기위험성지수-VI는 굴참나무(0.03) ≈ 밤나무(0.04) ≈ 느티나무(0.08) <PMMA (1.00) < 리기다소나무(3.13) < 가문비나무(10.08) < 나왕(11.65)의 순서로 나타났다. 그러므로 굴참나무, 밤나무, 느티나무의 연기위험성이 가장 낮고, 나왕이 가장 높은 것으로 예측되었다. 그러나 시험편의 일산화탄소 평균농도는 53∼142 ppm으로 OSHA의 허용기준(PEL)보다 높으므로 인체에 나쁜 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, smoke performance index-V and smoke growth index-V were calculated to expand Chung's equations 1,2, and 3 and to standardize smoke hazard rating evaluation in case of fire. For this purpose, six types of wood were selectedand measured by the cone calorimeter method according to ISO 5660-1. Also, overall, smoke risk was graded by smokerisk index-VI according to Chung's equation-VI. As a results, smoke hazard index-VI was found in the order of oyster oak(0.03) ≈ chestnut (0.04) ≈ zelkova (0.08) < PMMA (1.00) < pitch pine (3.13) < spruce (10.08) < lauan (11.65). Therefore,it was predicted that oyster oak, chestnut, and zelkova had the lowest smoke risk, and lauan had the highest. However,the average concentration of carbon monoxide in the specimen is 53-142 ppm, which is higher than the OSHA limit (PEL),it is concerned that it will harm health.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 정영진 ; 진의, "화재예방 설계를 위한 목재 종의 화재위험성 등급 예측" 한국화재소방학회 36 (36): 64-73, 2022

2 정영진 ; 진의 ; 유지선, "화재로부터 연소성 물질에 대한 연기위험성 및 연기위험성 등급 평가" 한국공업화학회 32 (32): 197-204, 2021

3 유지선 ; 정영진, "플라스틱류의 화재 위험성 등급 평가" 한국화재소방학회 35 (35): 9-15, 2021

4 정영진 ; 진의, "붕소 화합물로 처리된 편백목재의 연소시험에 의한 연기발생" 한국공업화학회 29 (29): 670-676, 2018

5 W. T. Simpso, "Wood Handbook-wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Product Laboratory U.S.D.A." Forest Service Madison 1-21, 1987

6 R. H. White, "Wood Handbook, Forest Product Laboratory U.S.D.A." Forest Service Madison 1999

7 J. Bourgois, "Thermal treatment of wood: analysis of the obtained product" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 23 (23): 303-310, 1989

8 D. Tsatsoulas, "Thermal behaviour and toxic emissions of various timbers in cone calorimeter tests" WIT Press 2009

9 F. M. Pearce, "Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials" Elsevier 1981

10 D. A. Purser, "The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering" National Fire Protection Association 83-171, 2002

11 T. S. Kim, "The Guide of Fire Investigation" Kimoondang 77-98, 2009

12 J. Greener, "Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing:Process Elements and Recent Advances" John Wiley & Sons 2018

13 L. Tsantaridis, "Reaction to Fire Performance of Wood and Other Building Products" KTH-Royal Institute of Technology 2003

14 Liu Yimin, "Preliminary burning tests on PVC fires with water mist" Elsevier BV 24 (24): 583-587, 2005

15 M.J Spearpoint, "Predicting the piloted ignition of wood in the cone calorimeter using an integral model — effect of species, grain orientation and heat flux" Elsevier BV 36 (36): 391-415, 2001

16 M.J Spearpoint, "Predicting the burning of wood using an integral model" Elsevier BV 123 (123): 308-325, 2000

17 MSHA, "MSHA’s Occupational Illness and InjuryP revention Program Topic" U. S. Department of Labor 2005

18 "ISO 5660-1, Reaction-to-Fire Tests - Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate - Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method) and Smoke Production Rate (Dynamic Measurement)"

19 H. C. Tran, "Heat Release in Fires" Elsevier Applied Science 357-372, 1992

20 Y. H. Hui, "Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering" CRC press 2006

21 W. P. Sung, "Frontiers of Energy and Environmental Engineering" CRC press 2012

22 Raimo Alén, "Formation of the main degradation compound groups from wood and its components during pyrolysis" Elsevier BV 36 (36): 137-148, 1996

23 Ondrej Grexa, "Flammability parameters of wood tested on a cone calorimeter" Elsevier BV 74 (74): 427-432, 2001

24 Henri Vahabi, "Flame Retardancy Index for Thermoplastic Composites" MDPI AG 11 (11): 407-, 2019

25 Taolin Zhang, "Experimental Study of Fire Hazards of Thermal-Insulation Material in Diesel Locomotive: Aluminum-Polyurethane" MDPI AG 9 (9): 168-, 2016

26 OHSA, "Carbon monoxide, OSHA Fact Sheet" United States National Institute for Occupational Safetya nd Health 2009

27 OHSA, "Carbon Dioxide, Toxicological Review of Selected Chemicals, Final Rule on Air Comments Project" OHSA's Comments 1989

28 Damien Marquis, "Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Cone Calorimeter Tests with and Without a Vitiated Air Enclosure" Elsevier BV 62 : 103-119, 2013

29 Rodolphe Sonnier, "A method to study the two-step decomposition of binary blends in cone calorimeter" Elsevier BV 169 : 1-10, 2016